Peter M. Groen / dali-demo

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2021 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 *
 */

// EXTERNAL INCLUDES
#include <dali-toolkit/dali-toolkit.h>
#include <dali/public-api/rendering/shader.h>

// INTERNAL INCLUDES
#include "generated/render-stencil-frag.h"
#include "generated/render-stencil-textured-frag.h"
#include "generated/render-stencil-textured-vert.h"
#include "generated/render-stencil-vert.h"
#include "shared/utility.h"
#include "shared/view.h"

using namespace Dali;

namespace
{
// Constants:

// Application constants:
const char* const APPLICATION_TITLE("Renderer Stencil API Demo");
const char* const BACKGROUND_IMAGE(DEMO_IMAGE_DIR "background-gradient.jpg");

// Texture filenames:
const char* const CUBE_TEXTURE(DEMO_IMAGE_DIR "people-medium-1.jpg");
const char* const FLOOR_TEXTURE(DEMO_IMAGE_DIR "wood.png");

// Scale dimensions: These values are relative to the window size. EG. width = 0.32f * windowSize.
const float   CUBE_WIDTH_SCALE(0.32f);              ///< The width (and height + depth) of the main and reflection cubes.
const Vector2 FLOOR_DIMENSION_SCALE(0.67f, 0.017f); ///< The width and height of the floor object.

// Configurable animation characteristics:
const float ANIMATION_ROTATION_DURATION(10.0f);          ///< Time in seconds to rotate the scene 360 degrees around Y.
const float ANIMATION_BOUNCE_TOTAL_TIME(1.6f);           ///< Time in seconds to perform 1 full bounce animation cycle.
const float ANIMATION_BOUNCE_DEFORMATION_TIME(0.4f);     ///< Time in seconds that the cube deformation animation will occur for (on contact with the floor).
const float ANIMATION_BOUNCE_DEFORMATION_PERCENT(20.0f); ///< Percentage (of the cube's size) to deform the cube by (on contact with floor).
const float ANIMATION_BOUNCE_HEIGHT_PERCENT(40.0f);      ///< Percentage (of the cube's size) to bounce up in to the air by.

// Base colors for the objects:
const Vector4 TEXT_COLOR(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);       ///< White.
const Vector4 CUBE_COLOR(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);       ///< White.
const Vector4 FLOOR_COLOR(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);      ///< White.
const Vector4 REFLECTION_COLOR(0.6f, 0.6f, 0.6f, 0.6f); ///< Note that alpha is not 1.0f, to make the blend more photo-realistic.

// We need to control the draw order as we are controlling both the stencil and depth buffer per renderer.
const int DEPTH_INDEX_GRANULARITY(10000); ///< This value is the gap in depth-index in-between each renderer.

// Shader uniforms:
const char* const COLOR_UNIFORM_NAME("uColor");
const char* const OBJECT_DIMENSIONS_UNIFORM_NAME("uObjectDimensions");
const char* const LIGHT_POSITION_UNIFORM_NAME = "uLightPosition";
const char* const POSITION("aPosition");
const char* const NORMAL("aNormal");
const char* const TEXTURE("aTexCoord");

} // Anonymous namespace

/**
 * @brief This example shows how to manipulate stencil and depth buffer properties within the Renderer API.
 */
class RendererStencilExample : public ConnectionTracker
{
public:
  /**
   * @brief Constructor.
   * @param[in] application The DALi application object
   */
  RendererStencilExample(Application& application)
  : mApplication(application)
  {
    // Connect to the Application's Init signal.
    mApplication.InitSignal().Connect(this, &RendererStencilExample::Create);
  }

  /**
   * @brief Destructor (non-virtual).
   */
  ~RendererStencilExample()
  {
  }

private:
  /**
   * @brief Enum to facilitate more readable use of the cube array.
   */
  enum CubeType
  {
    MAIN_CUBE,      ///< The main cube that bounces above the floor object.
    REFLECTION_CUBE ///< The reflected cube object.
  };

  /**
   * @brief Struct to store the position, normal and texture coordinates of a single vertex.
   */
  struct TexturedVertex
  {
    Vector3 position;
    Vector3 normal;
    Vector2 textureCoord;
  };

  /**
   * @brief This is the main scene setup method for this demo.
   * This is called via the Init signal which is received once (only) during the Application lifetime.
   * @param[in] application The DALi application object
   */
  void Create(Application& application)
  {
    Window window = application.GetWindow();

    // Use a gradient visual to render the background gradient.
    Toolkit::Control background = Dali::Toolkit::Control::New();
    background.SetProperty(Actor::Property::ANCHOR_POINT, Dali::AnchorPoint::CENTER);
    background.SetProperty(Actor::Property::PARENT_ORIGIN, Dali::ParentOrigin::CENTER);
    background.SetResizePolicy(Dali::ResizePolicy::FILL_TO_PARENT, Dali::Dimension::ALL_DIMENSIONS);

    // Set up the background gradient.
    Property::Array stopOffsets;
    stopOffsets.PushBack(0.0f);
    stopOffsets.PushBack(1.0f);
    Property::Array stopColors;
    stopColors.PushBack(Vector4(0.17f, 0.24f, 0.35f, 1.0f)); // Dark, medium saturated blue  ( top   of screen)
    stopColors.PushBack(Vector4(0.45f, 0.70f, 0.80f, 1.0f)); // Medium bright, pastel blue   (bottom of screen)
    const float percentageWindowHeight = window.GetSize().GetHeight() * 0.7f;

    background.SetProperty(Toolkit::Control::Property::BACKGROUND, Dali::Property::Map().Add(Toolkit::Visual::Property::TYPE, Dali::Toolkit::Visual::GRADIENT).Add(Toolkit::GradientVisual::Property::STOP_OFFSET, stopOffsets).Add(Toolkit::GradientVisual::Property::STOP_COLOR, stopColors).Add(Toolkit::GradientVisual::Property::START_POSITION, Vector2(0.0f, -percentageWindowHeight)).Add(Toolkit::GradientVisual::Property::END_POSITION, Vector2(0.0f, percentageWindowHeight)).Add(Toolkit::GradientVisual::Property::UNITS, Toolkit::GradientVisual::Units::USER_SPACE));

    window.Add(background);

    // Create a TextLabel for the application title.
    Toolkit::TextLabel label = Toolkit::TextLabel::New(APPLICATION_TITLE);
    label.SetProperty(Actor::Property::ANCHOR_POINT, AnchorPoint::TOP_CENTER);
    // Set the parent origin to a small percentage below the top (so the demo will scale for different resolutions).
    label.SetProperty(Actor::Property::PARENT_ORIGIN, Vector3(0.5f, 0.03f, 0.5f));
    label.SetProperty(Toolkit::TextLabel::Property::HORIZONTAL_ALIGNMENT, "CENTER");
    label.SetProperty(Toolkit::TextLabel::Property::VERTICAL_ALIGNMENT, "CENTER");
    label.SetProperty(Toolkit::TextLabel::Property::TEXT_COLOR, TEXT_COLOR);
    window.Add(label);

    // Layer to hold the 3D scene.
    Layer layer = Layer::New();
    layer.SetProperty(Actor::Property::ANCHOR_POINT, AnchorPoint::CENTER);
    // Set the parent origin to a small percentage below the center (so the demo will scale for different resolutions).
    layer.SetProperty(Actor::Property::PARENT_ORIGIN, Vector3(0.5f, 0.58f, 0.5f));
    layer.SetProperty(Layer::Property::BEHAVIOR, Layer::LAYER_UI);
    layer.SetProperty(Layer::Property::DEPTH_TEST, true);
    window.Add(layer);

    // Main cube:
    // Make the demo scalable with different resolutions by basing
    // the cube size on a percentage of the window size.
    Vector2 windowSize = window.GetSize();
    float   scaleSize(std::min(windowSize.width, windowSize.height));
    float   cubeWidth(scaleSize * CUBE_WIDTH_SCALE);
    Vector3 cubeSize(cubeWidth, cubeWidth, cubeWidth);
    // Create the geometry for the cube, and the texture.
    Geometry   cubeGeometry   = CreateCubeVertices(Vector3::ONE, false);
    TextureSet cubeTextureSet = CreateTextureSet(CUBE_TEXTURE);
    // Create the cube object and add it.
    // Note: The cube is anchored around its base for animation purposes, so the position can be zero.
    mCubes[MAIN_CUBE] = CreateMainCubeObject(cubeGeometry, cubeSize, cubeTextureSet);
    layer.Add(mCubes[MAIN_CUBE]);

    // Floor:
    float   floorWidth(scaleSize * FLOOR_DIMENSION_SCALE.x);
    Vector3 floorSize(floorWidth, scaleSize * FLOOR_DIMENSION_SCALE.y, floorWidth);
    // Create the floor object using the cube geometry with a new size, and add it.
    Actor floorObject(CreateFloorObject(cubeGeometry, floorSize));
    layer.Add(floorObject);

    // Stencil:
    Vector3 planeSize(floorWidth, floorWidth, 0.0f);
    // Create the stencil plane object, and add it.
    Actor stencilPlaneObject(CreateStencilPlaneObject(planeSize));
    layer.Add(stencilPlaneObject);

    // Reflection cube:
    // Create the reflection cube object and add it.
    // Note: The cube is anchored around its base for animation purposes, so the position can be zero.
    mCubes[REFLECTION_CUBE] = CreateReflectionCubeObject(cubeSize, cubeTextureSet);
    layer.Add(mCubes[REFLECTION_CUBE]);

    // Rotate the layer so we can see some of the top of the cube for a more 3D effect.
    layer.SetProperty(Actor::Property::ORIENTATION, Quaternion(Degree(-24.0f), Degree(0.0f), Degree(0.0f)));

    // Set up the rotation on the Y axis.
    mRotationAnimation = Animation::New(ANIMATION_ROTATION_DURATION);
    float fullRotation = 360.0f;
    mRotationAnimation.AnimateBy(Property(mCubes[MAIN_CUBE], Actor::Property::ORIENTATION),
                                 Quaternion(Degree(0.0f), Degree(fullRotation), Degree(0.0f)));
    mRotationAnimation.AnimateBy(Property(floorObject, Actor::Property::ORIENTATION),
                                 Quaternion(Degree(0.0f), Degree(fullRotation), Degree(0.0f)));
    // Note the stencil is pre-rotated by 90 degrees on X, so we rotate relatively on its Z axis for an equivalent Y rotation.
    mRotationAnimation.AnimateBy(Property(stencilPlaneObject, Actor::Property::ORIENTATION),
                                 Quaternion(Degree(0.0f), Degree(0.0f), Degree(fullRotation)));
    mRotationAnimation.AnimateBy(Property(mCubes[REFLECTION_CUBE], Actor::Property::ORIENTATION),
                                 Quaternion(Degree(0.0f), Degree(fullRotation), Degree(0.0f)));
    mRotationAnimation.SetLooping(true);

    // Set up the cube bouncing animation.
    float totalTime       = ANIMATION_BOUNCE_TOTAL_TIME;
    float deformationTime = ANIMATION_BOUNCE_DEFORMATION_TIME;
    // Percentage based amounts allows the bounce and deformation to scale for different resolution screens.
    float deformationAmount = ANIMATION_BOUNCE_DEFORMATION_PERCENT / 100.0f;
    float heightChange      = (cubeSize.y * ANIMATION_BOUNCE_HEIGHT_PERCENT) / 100.0f;

    // Animation pre-calculations:
    float halfTime            = totalTime / 2.0f;
    float halfDeformationTime = deformationTime / 2.0f;

    // First position the cubes at the top of the animation cycle.
    mCubes[MAIN_CUBE].SetProperty(Actor::Property::POSITION_Y, -heightChange);
    mCubes[REFLECTION_CUBE].SetProperty(Actor::Property::POSITION_Y, heightChange);

    mBounceAnimation = Animation::New(totalTime);

    // The animations for the main and reflected cubes are almost identical, so we combine the code to do both.
    for(int cube = 0; cube < 2; ++cube)
    {
      // If iterating on the reflection cube, adjust the heightChange variable so the below code can be reused.
      if(cube == 1)
      {
        heightChange = -heightChange;
      }

      // 1st TimePeriod: Start moving down with increasing speed, until it is time to distort the cube due to impact.
      mBounceAnimation.AnimateBy(Property(mCubes[cube], Actor::Property::POSITION_Y), heightChange, AlphaFunction::EASE_IN_SQUARE, TimePeriod(0.0f, halfTime - halfDeformationTime));

      // 2nd TimePeriod: The cube is touching the floor, start deforming it - then un-deform it again.
      mBounceAnimation.AnimateBy(Property(mCubes[cube], Actor::Property::SCALE_X), deformationAmount, AlphaFunction::BOUNCE, TimePeriod(halfTime - halfDeformationTime, deformationTime));
      mBounceAnimation.AnimateBy(Property(mCubes[cube], Actor::Property::SCALE_Z), deformationAmount, AlphaFunction::BOUNCE, TimePeriod(halfTime - halfDeformationTime, deformationTime));
      mBounceAnimation.AnimateBy(Property(mCubes[cube], Actor::Property::SCALE_Y), -deformationAmount, AlphaFunction::BOUNCE, TimePeriod(halfTime - halfDeformationTime, deformationTime));

      // 3rd TimePeriod: Start moving up with decreasing speed, until at the apex of the animation.
      mBounceAnimation.AnimateBy(Property(mCubes[cube], Actor::Property::POSITION_Y), -heightChange, AlphaFunction::EASE_OUT_SQUARE, TimePeriod(halfTime + halfDeformationTime, halfTime - halfDeformationTime));
    }

    mBounceAnimation.SetLooping(true);

    // Start the animations.
    mRotationAnimation.Play();
    mBounceAnimation.Play();

    // Respond to a click anywhere on the window
    window.GetRootLayer().TouchedSignal().Connect(this, &RendererStencilExample::OnTouch);
    // Connect signals to allow Back and Escape to exit.
    window.KeyEventSignal().Connect(this, &RendererStencilExample::OnKeyEvent);
  }

private:
  // Methods to setup each component of the 3D scene:

  /**
   * @brief Creates the Main cube object.
   * This creates the renderer from existing geometry (as the cubes geometry is shared).
   * The texture is set and all relevant renderer properties are set-up.
   * @param[in] geometry Pre-calculated cube geometry
   * @param[in] size The desired cube size
   * @param[in] textureSet A pre-existing TextureSet with a texture set up, to be applied to the cube
   * @return An actor set-up containing the main cube object
   */
  Actor CreateMainCubeObject(Geometry& geometry, Vector3 size, TextureSet& textureSet)
  {
    Toolkit::Control container = Toolkit::Control::New();
    container.SetProperty(Actor::Property::ANCHOR_POINT, AnchorPoint::BOTTOM_CENTER);
    container.SetProperty(Actor::Property::PARENT_ORIGIN, ParentOrigin::BOTTOM_CENTER);
    container.SetProperty(Actor::Property::SIZE, Vector2(size));
    container.SetResizePolicy(ResizePolicy::FIXED, Dimension::ALL_DIMENSIONS);

    // Create a renderer from the geometry and add the texture.
    Renderer renderer = CreateRenderer(geometry, size, true, CUBE_COLOR);
    renderer.SetTextures(textureSet);

    // Setup the renderer properties:
    // We are writing to the color buffer & culling back faces (no stencil is used for the main cube).
    renderer.SetProperty(Renderer::Property::RENDER_MODE, RenderMode::COLOR);
    renderer.SetProperty(Renderer::Property::FACE_CULLING_MODE, FaceCullingMode::BACK);

    // We do need to write to the depth buffer as other objects need to appear underneath this cube.
    renderer.SetProperty(Renderer::Property::DEPTH_WRITE_MODE, DepthWriteMode::ON);
    // We do not need to test the depth buffer as we are culling the back faces.
    renderer.SetProperty(Renderer::Property::DEPTH_TEST_MODE, DepthTestMode::OFF);

    // This object must be rendered 1st.
    renderer.SetProperty(Renderer::Property::DEPTH_INDEX, 0 * DEPTH_INDEX_GRANULARITY);

    container.AddRenderer(renderer);
    return container;
  }

  /**
   * @brief Creates the Floor object.
   * This creates the renderer from existing geometry (as the cube geometry can be re-used).
   * The texture is created and set and all relevant renderer properties are set-up.
   * @param[in] geometry Pre-calculated cube geometry
   * @param[in] size The desired floor size
   * @return An actor set-up containing the floor object
   */
  Actor CreateFloorObject(Geometry& geometry, Vector3 size)
  {
    Toolkit::Control container = Toolkit::Control::New();
    container.SetProperty(Actor::Property::ANCHOR_POINT, AnchorPoint::TOP_CENTER);
    container.SetProperty(Actor::Property::PARENT_ORIGIN, ParentOrigin::TOP_CENTER);
    container.SetProperty(Actor::Property::SIZE, Vector2(size));
    container.SetResizePolicy(ResizePolicy::FIXED, Dimension::ALL_DIMENSIONS);

    // Create a renderer from the geometry and add the texture.
    TextureSet planeTextureSet = CreateTextureSet(FLOOR_TEXTURE);
    Renderer   renderer        = CreateRenderer(geometry, size, true, FLOOR_COLOR);
    renderer.SetTextures(planeTextureSet);

    // Setup the renderer properties:
    // We are writing to the color buffer & culling back faces as we are NOT doing depth write (no stencil is used for the floor).
    renderer.SetProperty(Renderer::Property::RENDER_MODE, RenderMode::COLOR);
    renderer.SetProperty(Renderer::Property::FACE_CULLING_MODE, FaceCullingMode::BACK);

    // We do not write to the depth buffer as its not needed.
    renderer.SetProperty(Renderer::Property::DEPTH_WRITE_MODE, DepthWriteMode::OFF);
    // We do need to test the depth buffer as we need the floor to be underneath the cube.
    renderer.SetProperty(Renderer::Property::DEPTH_TEST_MODE, DepthTestMode::ON);

    // This object must be rendered 2nd.
    renderer.SetProperty(Renderer::Property::DEPTH_INDEX, 1 * DEPTH_INDEX_GRANULARITY);

    container.AddRenderer(renderer);
    return container;
  }

  /**
   * @brief Creates the Stencil-Plane object.
   * This is places on the floor object to allow the reflection to be drawn on to the floor.
   * This creates the geometry and renderer.
   * All relevant renderer properties are set-up.
   * @param[in] size The desired plane size
   * @return An actor set-up containing the stencil-plane object
   */
  Actor CreateStencilPlaneObject(Vector3 size)
  {
    Toolkit::Control container = Toolkit::Control::New();
    container.SetProperty(Actor::Property::ANCHOR_POINT, AnchorPoint::CENTER);
    container.SetProperty(Actor::Property::PARENT_ORIGIN, ParentOrigin::CENTER);
    container.SetProperty(Actor::Property::SIZE, Vector2(size));
    container.SetResizePolicy(ResizePolicy::FIXED, Dimension::ALL_DIMENSIONS);

    // We rotate the plane as the geometry is created flat in X & Y. We want it to span X & Z axis.
    container.SetProperty(Actor::Property::ORIENTATION, Quaternion(Degree(-90.0f), Degree(0.0f), Degree(0.0f)));

    // Create geometry for a flat plane.
    Geometry planeGeometry = CreatePlaneVertices(Vector2::ONE);
    // Create a renderer from the geometry.
    Renderer renderer = CreateRenderer(planeGeometry, size, false, Vector4::ONE);

    // Setup the renderer properties:
    // The stencil plane is only for stencilling.
    renderer.SetProperty(Renderer::Property::RENDER_MODE, RenderMode::STENCIL);

    renderer.SetProperty(Renderer::Property::STENCIL_FUNCTION, StencilFunction::ALWAYS);
    renderer.SetProperty(Renderer::Property::STENCIL_FUNCTION_REFERENCE, 1);
    renderer.SetProperty(Renderer::Property::STENCIL_FUNCTION_MASK, 0xFF);
    renderer.SetProperty(Renderer::Property::STENCIL_OPERATION_ON_FAIL, StencilOperation::KEEP);
    renderer.SetProperty(Renderer::Property::STENCIL_OPERATION_ON_Z_FAIL, StencilOperation::KEEP);
    renderer.SetProperty(Renderer::Property::STENCIL_OPERATION_ON_Z_PASS, StencilOperation::REPLACE);
    renderer.SetProperty(Renderer::Property::STENCIL_MASK, 0xFF);

    // We don't want to write to the depth buffer, as this would block the reflection being drawn.
    renderer.SetProperty(Renderer::Property::DEPTH_WRITE_MODE, DepthWriteMode::OFF);
    // We test the depth buffer as we want the stencil to only exist underneath the cube.
    renderer.SetProperty(Renderer::Property::DEPTH_TEST_MODE, DepthTestMode::ON);

    // This object must be rendered 3rd.
    renderer.SetProperty(Renderer::Property::DEPTH_INDEX, 2 * DEPTH_INDEX_GRANULARITY);

    container.AddRenderer(renderer);
    return container;
  }

  /**
   * @brief Creates the Reflection cube object.
   * This creates new geometry (as the texture UVs are different to the main cube).
   * The renderer is then created.
   * The texture is set and all relevant renderer properties are set-up.
   * @param[in] size The desired cube size
   * @param[in] textureSet A pre-existing TextureSet with a texture set up, to be applied to the cube
   * @return An actor set-up containing the reflection cube object
   */
  Actor CreateReflectionCubeObject(Vector3 size, TextureSet& textureSet)
  {
    Toolkit::Control container = Toolkit::Control::New();
    container.SetProperty(Actor::Property::ANCHOR_POINT, AnchorPoint::TOP_CENTER);
    container.SetProperty(Actor::Property::PARENT_ORIGIN, ParentOrigin::TOP_CENTER);
    container.SetProperty(Actor::Property::SIZE, Vector2(size));
    container.SetResizePolicy(ResizePolicy::FIXED, Dimension::ALL_DIMENSIONS);

    // Create the cube geometry of unity size.
    // The "true" specifies we want the texture UVs flipped vertically as this is the reflection cube.
    Geometry reflectedCubeGeometry = CreateCubeVertices(Vector3::ONE, true);
    // Create a renderer from the geometry and add the texture.
    Renderer renderer = CreateRenderer(reflectedCubeGeometry, size, true, REFLECTION_COLOR);
    renderer.SetTextures(textureSet);

    // Setup the renderer properties:
    // Write to color buffer so reflection is visible.
    // Also enable the stencil buffer, as we will be testing against it to only draw to areas within the stencil.
    renderer.SetProperty(Renderer::Property::RENDER_MODE, RenderMode::COLOR_STENCIL);
    // We cull to skip drawing the back faces.
    renderer.SetProperty(Renderer::Property::FACE_CULLING_MODE, FaceCullingMode::BACK);

    // We use blending to blend the reflection with the floor texture.
    renderer.SetProperty(Renderer::Property::BLEND_MODE, BlendMode::ON);
    renderer.SetProperty(Renderer::Property::BLEND_EQUATION_RGB, BlendEquation::ADD);
    renderer.SetProperty(Renderer::Property::BLEND_EQUATION_ALPHA, BlendEquation::ADD);
    renderer.SetProperty(Renderer::Property::BLEND_FACTOR_DEST_RGB, BlendFactor::ONE);

    // Enable stencil. Here we only draw to areas within the stencil.
    renderer.SetProperty(Renderer::Property::STENCIL_FUNCTION, StencilFunction::EQUAL);
    renderer.SetProperty(Renderer::Property::STENCIL_FUNCTION_REFERENCE, 1);
    renderer.SetProperty(Renderer::Property::STENCIL_FUNCTION_MASK, 0xff);
    // Don't write to the stencil.
    renderer.SetProperty(Renderer::Property::STENCIL_MASK, 0x00);

    // We don't need to write to the depth buffer, as we are culling.
    renderer.SetProperty(Renderer::Property::DEPTH_WRITE_MODE, DepthWriteMode::OFF);
    // We need to test the depth buffer as we need the reflection to be underneath the cube.
    renderer.SetProperty(Renderer::Property::DEPTH_TEST_MODE, DepthTestMode::ON);

    // This object must be rendered last.
    renderer.SetProperty(Renderer::Property::DEPTH_INDEX, 3 * DEPTH_INDEX_GRANULARITY);

    container.AddRenderer(renderer);
    return container;
  }

  // Methods:

  /**
   * @brief Creates a geometry object from vertices and indices.
   * @param[in] vertices The object vertices
   * @param[in] indices The object indices
   * @return A geometry object
   */
  Geometry CreateTexturedGeometry(Vector<TexturedVertex>& vertices, Vector<unsigned short>& indices)
  {
    // Vertices
    Property::Map vertexFormat;
    vertexFormat[POSITION] = Property::VECTOR3;
    vertexFormat[NORMAL]   = Property::VECTOR3;
    vertexFormat[TEXTURE]  = Property::VECTOR2;

    VertexBuffer surfaceVertices = VertexBuffer::New(vertexFormat);
    surfaceVertices.SetData(&vertices[0u], vertices.Size());

    Geometry geometry = Geometry::New();
    geometry.AddVertexBuffer(surfaceVertices);

    // Indices for triangle formulation
    geometry.SetIndexBuffer(&indices[0u], indices.Size());
    return geometry;
  }

  /**
   * @brief Creates a renderer from a geometry object.
   * @param[in] geometry The geometry to use
   * @param[in] dimensions The dimensions (will be passed in to the shader)
   * @param[in] textured Set to true to use the texture versions of the shaders
   * @param[in] color The base color for the renderer
   * @return A renderer object
   */
  Renderer CreateRenderer(Geometry geometry, Vector3 dimensions, bool textured, Vector4 color)
  {
    Window  window     = mApplication.GetWindow();
    Vector2 windowSize = window.GetSize();
    Shader  shader;

    if(textured)
    {
      shader = Shader::New(SHADER_RENDER_STENCIL_TEXTURED_VERT, SHADER_RENDER_STENCIL_TEXTURED_FRAG);
    }
    else
    {
      shader = Shader::New(SHADER_RENDER_STENCIL_VERT, SHADER_RENDER_STENCIL_FRAG);
    }

    // Here we modify the light position based on half the window size as a pre-calculation step.
    // This avoids the work having to be done in the shader.
    shader.RegisterProperty(LIGHT_POSITION_UNIFORM_NAME, Vector3(-windowSize.width / 2.0f, -windowSize.width / 2.0f, 1000.0f));
    shader.RegisterProperty(COLOR_UNIFORM_NAME, color);
    shader.RegisterProperty(OBJECT_DIMENSIONS_UNIFORM_NAME, dimensions);

    return Renderer::New(geometry, shader);
  }

  /**
   * @brief Helper method to create a TextureSet from an image URL.
   * @param[in] url An image URL
   * @return A TextureSet object
   */
  TextureSet CreateTextureSet(const char* url)
  {
    TextureSet textureSet = TextureSet::New();

    if(textureSet)
    {
      Texture texture = DemoHelper::LoadTexture(url);
      if(texture)
      {
        textureSet.SetTexture(0u, texture);
      }
    }

    return textureSet;
  }

  // Geometry Creation:

  /**
   * @brief Creates a geometry object for a flat plane.
   * The plane is oriented in X & Y axis (Z is 0).
   * @param[in] dimensions The desired plane dimensions
   * @return A Geometry object
   */
  Geometry CreatePlaneVertices(Vector2 dimensions)
  {
    Vector<TexturedVertex> vertices;
    Vector<unsigned short> indices;
    vertices.Resize(4u);
    indices.Resize(6u);

    float scaledX = 0.5f * dimensions.x;
    float scaledY = 0.5f * dimensions.y;

    vertices[0].position     = Vector3(-scaledX, -scaledY, 0.0f);
    vertices[0].textureCoord = Vector2(0.0, 0.0f);
    vertices[1].position     = Vector3(scaledX, -scaledY, 0.0f);
    vertices[1].textureCoord = Vector2(1.0, 0.0f);
    vertices[2].position     = Vector3(scaledX, scaledY, 0.0f);
    vertices[2].textureCoord = Vector2(1.0, 1.0f);
    vertices[3].position     = Vector3(-scaledX, scaledY, 0.0f);
    vertices[3].textureCoord = Vector2(0.0, 1.0f);

    // All vertices have the same normal.
    for(int i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
    {
      vertices[i].normal = Vector3(0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f);
    }

    indices[0] = 0;
    indices[1] = 1;
    indices[2] = 2;
    indices[3] = 2;
    indices[4] = 3;
    indices[5] = 0;

    // Use the helper method to create the geometry object.
    return CreateTexturedGeometry(vertices, indices);
  }

  /**
   * @brief Creates a geometry object for a cube (or cuboid).
   * @param[in] dimensions The desired cube dimensions
   * @param[in] reflectVerticalUVs Set to True to force the UVs to be vertically flipped
   * @return A Geometry object
   */
  Geometry CreateCubeVertices(Vector3 dimensions, bool reflectVerticalUVs)
  {
    Vector<TexturedVertex> vertices;
    Vector<unsigned short> indices;
    int                    vertexIndex          = 0u; // Tracks progress through vertices.
    float                  scaledX              = 0.5f * dimensions.x;
    float                  scaledY              = 0.5f * dimensions.y;
    float                  scaledZ              = 0.5f * dimensions.z;
    float                  verticalTextureCoord = reflectVerticalUVs ? 0.0f : 1.0f;

    vertices.Resize(4u * 6u); // 4 vertices x 6 faces

    Vector<Vector3> positions; // Stores vertex positions, which are shared between vertexes at the same position but with a different normal.
    positions.Resize(8u);
    Vector<Vector3> normals; // Stores normals, which are shared between vertexes of the same face.
    normals.Resize(6u);

    positions[0] = Vector3(-scaledX, scaledY, -scaledZ);
    positions[1] = Vector3(scaledX, scaledY, -scaledZ);
    positions[2] = Vector3(scaledX, scaledY, scaledZ);
    positions[3] = Vector3(-scaledX, scaledY, scaledZ);
    positions[4] = Vector3(-scaledX, -scaledY, -scaledZ);
    positions[5] = Vector3(scaledX, -scaledY, -scaledZ);
    positions[6] = Vector3(scaledX, -scaledY, scaledZ);
    positions[7] = Vector3(-scaledX, -scaledY, scaledZ);

    normals[0] = Vector3(0, 1, 0);
    normals[1] = Vector3(0, 0, -1);
    normals[2] = Vector3(1, 0, 0);
    normals[3] = Vector3(0, 0, 1);
    normals[4] = Vector3(-1, 0, 0);
    normals[5] = Vector3(0, -1, 0);

    // Top face, upward normals.
    for(int i = 0; i < 4; ++i, ++vertexIndex)
    {
      vertices[vertexIndex].position = positions[i];
      vertices[vertexIndex].normal   = normals[0];
      // The below logic forms the correct U/V pairs for a quad when "i" goes from 0 to 3.
      vertices[vertexIndex].textureCoord = Vector2((i == 1 || i == 2) ? 1.0f : 0.0f, (i == 2 || i == 3) ? 1.0f : 0.0f);
    }

    // Top face, outward normals.
    for(int i = 0; i < 4; ++i, vertexIndex += 2)
    {
      vertices[vertexIndex].position = positions[i];
      vertices[vertexIndex].normal   = normals[i + 1];

      if(i == 3)
      {
        // End, so loop around.
        vertices[vertexIndex + 1].position = positions[0];
      }
      else
      {
        vertices[vertexIndex + 1].position = positions[i + 1];
      }
      vertices[vertexIndex + 1].normal = normals[i + 1];

      vertices[vertexIndex].textureCoord     = Vector2(0.0f, verticalTextureCoord);
      vertices[vertexIndex + 1].textureCoord = Vector2(1.0f, verticalTextureCoord);
    }

    // Flip the vertical texture coord for the UV values of the bottom points.
    verticalTextureCoord = 1.0f - verticalTextureCoord;

    // Bottom face, outward normals.
    for(int i = 0; i < 4; ++i, vertexIndex += 2)
    {
      vertices[vertexIndex].position = positions[i + 4];
      vertices[vertexIndex].normal   = normals[i + 1];

      if(i == 3)
      {
        // End, so loop around.
        vertices[vertexIndex + 1].position = positions[4];
      }
      else
      {
        vertices[vertexIndex + 1].position = positions[i + 5];
      }
      vertices[vertexIndex + 1].normal = normals[i + 1];

      vertices[vertexIndex].textureCoord     = Vector2(0.0f, verticalTextureCoord);
      vertices[vertexIndex + 1].textureCoord = Vector2(1.0f, verticalTextureCoord);
    }

    // Bottom face, downward normals.
    for(int i = 0; i < 4; ++i, ++vertexIndex)
    {
      // Reverse positions for bottom face to keep triangles clockwise (for culling).
      vertices[vertexIndex].position = positions[7 - i];
      vertices[vertexIndex].normal   = normals[5];
      // The below logic forms the correct U/V pairs for a quad when "i" goes from 0 to 3.
      vertices[vertexIndex].textureCoord = Vector2((i == 1 || i == 2) ? 1.0f : 0.0f, (i == 2 || i == 3) ? 1.0f : 0.0f);
    }

    // Create cube indices.
    int triangleIndex = 0u;   //Track progress through indices.
    indices.Resize(3u * 12u); // 3 points x 12 triangles.

    // Top face.
    indices[triangleIndex]     = 0;
    indices[triangleIndex + 1] = 1;
    indices[triangleIndex + 2] = 2;
    indices[triangleIndex + 3] = 2;
    indices[triangleIndex + 4] = 3;
    indices[triangleIndex + 5] = 0;
    triangleIndex += 6;

    int topFaceStart    = 4u;
    int bottomFaceStart = topFaceStart + 8u;

    // Side faces.
    for(int i = 0; i < 8; i += 2, triangleIndex += 6)
    {
      indices[triangleIndex]     = i + topFaceStart;
      indices[triangleIndex + 1] = i + bottomFaceStart + 1;
      indices[triangleIndex + 2] = i + topFaceStart + 1;
      indices[triangleIndex + 3] = i + topFaceStart;
      indices[triangleIndex + 4] = i + bottomFaceStart;
      indices[triangleIndex + 5] = i + bottomFaceStart + 1;
    }

    // Bottom face.
    indices[triangleIndex]     = 20;
    indices[triangleIndex + 1] = 21;
    indices[triangleIndex + 2] = 22;
    indices[triangleIndex + 3] = 22;
    indices[triangleIndex + 4] = 23;
    indices[triangleIndex + 5] = 20;

    // Use the helper method to create the geometry object.
    return CreateTexturedGeometry(vertices, indices);
  }

  // Signal handlers:

  /**
   * @brief OnTouch signal handler.
   * @param[in] actor The actor that has been touched
   * @param[in] touch The touch information
   * @return True if the event has been handled
   */
  bool OnTouch(Actor actor, const TouchEvent& touch)
  {
    // Quit the application.
    mApplication.Quit();
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * @brief OnKeyEvent signal handler.
   * @param[in] event The key event information
   */
  void OnKeyEvent(const KeyEvent& event)
  {
    if(event.GetState() == KeyEvent::DOWN)
    {
      if(IsKey(event, Dali::DALI_KEY_ESCAPE) || IsKey(event, Dali::DALI_KEY_BACK))
      {
        mApplication.Quit();
      }
    }
  }

private:
  // Member variables:

  Application&     mApplication; ///< The DALi application object
  Toolkit::Control mView;        ///< The view used to show the background

  Animation mRotationAnimation; ///< The animation to spin the cube & floor
  Animation mBounceAnimation;   ///< The animation to bounce the cube
  Actor     mCubes[2];          ///< The cube object containers
};

int DALI_EXPORT_API main(int argc, char** argv)
{
  Application            application = Application::New(&argc, &argv);
  RendererStencilExample example(application);
  application.MainLoop();
  return 0;
}