Merge pull request #1394 from m-holger/qpdf_objects

Split QPDF.cc into QPDF.cc and QPDF_objects.cc

Merge pull request #1394 from m-holger/qpdf_objects
Split QPDF.cc into QPDF.cc and QPDF_objects.cc
m-holger · GitHub
2 parents 9740930b bb045907
Showing 4 changed files with 2035 additions and 1948 deletions
libqpdf/CMakeLists.txt
libqpdf/QPDF.cc
libqpdf/QPDF_objects.cc
manual/release-notes.rst
@@ -95,6 +95,7 @@ set(libqpdf_SOURCES
   QPDF_encryption.cc
   QPDF_json.cc
   QPDF_linearization.cc
+  QPDF_objects.cc
   QPDF_optimization.cc
   QPDF_pages.cc
   QTC.cc
@@ -413,1726 +413,26 @@ QPDF::findHeader()
     return valid;
 }
  
-bool
-QPDF::findStartxref()
-{
-    if (readToken(*m->file).isWord("startxref") && readToken(*m->file).isInteger()) {
-        // Position in front of offset token
-        m->file->seek(m->file->getLastOffset(), SEEK_SET);
-        return true;
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-
-void
-QPDF::parse(char const* password)
-{
-    if (password) {
-        m->encp->provided_password = password;
-    }
-
-    // Find the header anywhere in the first 1024 bytes of the file.
-    PatternFinder hf(*this, &QPDF::findHeader);
-    if (!m->file->findFirst("%PDF-", 0, 1024, hf)) {
-        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF not a pdf file");
-        warn(damagedPDF("", 0, "can't find PDF header"));
-        // QPDFWriter writes files that usually require at least version 1.2 for /FlateDecode
-        m->pdf_version = "1.2";
-    }
-
-    // PDF spec says %%EOF must be found within the last 1024 bytes of/ the file.  We add an extra
-    // 30 characters to leave room for the startxref stuff.
-    m->file->seek(0, SEEK_END);
-    qpdf_offset_t end_offset = m->file->tell();
-    m->xref_table_max_offset = end_offset;
-    // Sanity check on object ids. All objects must appear in xref table / stream. In all realistic
-    // scenarios at least 3 bytes are required.
-    if (m->xref_table_max_id > m->xref_table_max_offset / 3) {
-        m->xref_table_max_id = static_cast<int>(m->xref_table_max_offset / 3);
-    }
-    qpdf_offset_t start_offset = (end_offset > 1054 ? end_offset - 1054 : 0);
-    PatternFinder sf(*this, &QPDF::findStartxref);
-    qpdf_offset_t xref_offset = 0;
-    if (m->file->findLast("startxref", start_offset, 0, sf)) {
-        xref_offset = QUtil::string_to_ll(readToken(*m->file).getValue().c_str());
-    }
-
-    try {
-        if (xref_offset == 0) {
-            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF can't find startxref");
-            throw damagedPDF("", 0, "can't find startxref");
-        }
-        try {
-            read_xref(xref_offset);
-        } catch (QPDFExc&) {
-            throw;
-        } catch (std::exception& e) {
-            throw damagedPDF("", 0, std::string("error reading xref: ") + e.what());
-        }
-    } catch (QPDFExc& e) {
-        if (m->attempt_recovery) {
-            reconstruct_xref(e, xref_offset > 0);
-            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF reconstructed xref table");
-        } else {
-            throw;
-        }
-    }
-
-    initializeEncryption();
-    m->parsed = true;
-    if (m->xref_table.size() > 0 && !getRoot().getKey("/Pages").isDictionary()) {
-        // QPDFs created from JSON have an empty xref table and no root object yet.
-        throw damagedPDF("", 0, "unable to find page tree");
-    }
-}
-
-void
-QPDF::inParse(bool v)
-{
-    if (m->in_parse == v) {
-        // This happens if QPDFParser::parse tries to resolve an indirect object while it is
-        // parsing.
-        throw std::logic_error(
-            "QPDF: re-entrant parsing detected. This is a qpdf bug."
-            " Please report at https://github.com/qpdf/qpdf/issues.");
-    }
-    m->in_parse = v;
-}
-
-void
-QPDF::warn(QPDFExc const& e)
-{
-    if (m->max_warnings > 0 && m->warnings.size() >= m->max_warnings) {
-        stopOnError("Too many warnings - file is too badly damaged");
-    }
-    m->warnings.push_back(e);
-    if (!m->suppress_warnings) {
-        *m->log->getWarn() << "WARNING: " << m->warnings.back().what() << "\n";
-    }
-}
-
-void
-QPDF::warn(
-    qpdf_error_code_e error_code,
-    std::string const& object,
-    qpdf_offset_t offset,
-    std::string const& message)
-{
-    warn(QPDFExc(error_code, getFilename(), object, offset, message));
-}
-
-void
-QPDF::setTrailer(QPDFObjectHandle obj)
-{
-    if (m->trailer) {
-        return;
-    }
-    m->trailer = obj;
-}
-
-void
-QPDF::reconstruct_xref(QPDFExc& e, bool found_startxref)
-{
-    if (m->reconstructed_xref) {
-        // Avoid xref reconstruction infinite loops. This is getting very hard to reproduce because
-        // qpdf is throwing many fewer exceptions while parsing. Most situations are warnings now.
-        throw e;
-    }
-
-    // If recovery generates more than 1000 warnings, the file is so severely damaged that there
-    // probably is no point trying to continue.
-    const auto max_warnings = m->warnings.size() + 1000U;
-    auto check_warnings = [this, max_warnings]() {
-        if (m->warnings.size() > max_warnings) {
-            throw damagedPDF("", 0, "too many errors while reconstructing cross-reference table");
-        }
-    };
-
-    m->reconstructed_xref = true;
-    // We may find more objects, which may contain dangling references.
-    m->fixed_dangling_refs = false;
-
-    warn(damagedPDF("", 0, "file is damaged"));
-    warn(e);
-    warn(damagedPDF("", 0, "Attempting to reconstruct cross-reference table"));
-
-    // Delete all references to type 1 (uncompressed) objects
-    std::vector<QPDFObjGen> to_delete;
-    for (auto const& iter: m->xref_table) {
-        if (iter.second.getType() == 1) {
-            to_delete.emplace_back(iter.first);
-        }
-    }
-    for (auto const& iter: to_delete) {
-        m->xref_table.erase(iter);
-    }
-
-    std::vector<std::tuple<int, int, qpdf_offset_t>> found_objects;
-    std::vector<qpdf_offset_t> trailers;
-    std::vector<qpdf_offset_t> startxrefs;
-
-    m->file->seek(0, SEEK_END);
-    qpdf_offset_t eof = m->file->tell();
-    m->file->seek(0, SEEK_SET);
-    // Don't allow very long tokens here during recovery. All the interesting tokens are covered.
-    static size_t const MAX_LEN = 10;
-    while (m->file->tell() < eof) {
-        QPDFTokenizer::Token t1 = readToken(*m->file, MAX_LEN);
-        qpdf_offset_t token_start = m->file->tell() - toO(t1.getValue().length());
-        if (t1.isInteger()) {
-            auto pos = m->file->tell();
-            auto t2 = readToken(*m->file, MAX_LEN);
-            if (t2.isInteger() && readToken(*m->file, MAX_LEN).isWord("obj")) {
-                int obj = QUtil::string_to_int(t1.getValue().c_str());
-                int gen = QUtil::string_to_int(t2.getValue().c_str());
-                if (obj <= m->xref_table_max_id) {
-                    found_objects.emplace_back(obj, gen, token_start);
-                } else {
-                    warn(damagedPDF(
-                        "", 0, "ignoring object with impossibly large id " + std::to_string(obj)));
-                }
-            }
-            m->file->seek(pos, SEEK_SET);
-        } else if (!m->trailer && t1.isWord("trailer")) {
-            trailers.emplace_back(m->file->tell());
-        } else if (!found_startxref && t1.isWord("startxref")) {
-            startxrefs.emplace_back(m->file->tell());
-        }
-        check_warnings();
-        m->file->findAndSkipNextEOL();
-    }
-
-    if (!found_startxref && !startxrefs.empty() && !found_objects.empty() &&
-        startxrefs.back() > std::get<2>(found_objects.back())) {
-        try {
-            m->file->seek(startxrefs.back(), SEEK_SET);
-            if (auto offset = QUtil::string_to_ll(readToken(*m->file).getValue().data())) {
-                read_xref(offset);
-                if (getRoot().getKey("/Pages").isDictionary()) {
-                    QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF startxref more than 1024 before end");
-                    warn(
-                        damagedPDF("", 0, "startxref was more than 1024 bytes before end of file"));
-                    initializeEncryption();
-                    m->parsed = true;
-                    m->reconstructed_xref = false;
-                    return;
-                }
-            }
-        } catch (...) {
-            // ok, bad luck. Do recovery.
-        }
-    }
-
-    auto rend = found_objects.rend();
-    for (auto it = found_objects.rbegin(); it != rend; it++) {
-        auto [obj, gen, token_start] = *it;
-        insertXrefEntry(obj, 1, token_start, gen);
-        check_warnings();
-    }
-    m->deleted_objects.clear();
-
-    for (auto it = trailers.rbegin(); it != trailers.rend(); it++) {
-        m->file->seek(*it, SEEK_SET);
-        auto t = readTrailer();
-        if (!t.isDictionary()) {
-            // Oh well.  It was worth a try.
-        } else {
-            if (t.hasKey("/Root")) {
-                m->trailer = t;
-                break;
-            }
-            warn(damagedPDF("trailer", *it, "recovered trailer has no /Root entry"));
-        }
-        check_warnings();
-    }
-
-    if (!m->trailer) {
-        qpdf_offset_t max_offset{0};
-        size_t max_size{0};
-        // If there are any xref streams, take the last one to appear.
-        for (auto const& iter: m->xref_table) {
-            auto entry = iter.second;
-            if (entry.getType() != 1) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            auto oh = getObject(iter.first);
-            try {
-                if (!oh.isStreamOfType("/XRef")) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-            } catch (std::exception&) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            auto offset = entry.getOffset();
-            auto size = oh.getDict().getKey("/Size").getUIntValueAsUInt();
-            if (size > max_size || (size == max_size && offset > max_offset)) {
-                max_offset = offset;
-                setTrailer(oh.getDict());
-            }
-            check_warnings();
-        }
-        if (max_offset > 0) {
-            try {
-                read_xref(max_offset);
-            } catch (std::exception&) {
-                warn(damagedPDF(
-                    "", 0, "error decoding candidate xref stream while recovering damaged file"));
-            }
-            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF recover xref stream");
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (!m->trailer || (!m->parsed && !m->trailer.getKey("/Root").isDictionary())) {
-        // Try to find a Root dictionary. As a quick fix try the one with the highest object id.
-        QPDFObjectHandle root;
-        for (auto const& iter: m->obj_cache) {
-            try {
-                if (QPDFObjectHandle(iter.second.object).isDictionaryOfType("/Catalog")) {
-                    root = iter.second.object;
-                }
-            } catch (std::exception&) {
-                continue;
-            }
-        }
-        if (root) {
-            if (!m->trailer) {
-                warn(damagedPDF(
-                    "", 0, "unable to find trailer dictionary while recovering damaged file"));
-                m->trailer = QPDFObjectHandle::newDictionary();
-            }
-            m->trailer.replaceKey("/Root", root);
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (!m->trailer) {
-        // We could check the last encountered object to see if it was an xref stream.  If so, we
-        // could try to get the trailer from there.  This may make it possible to recover files with
-        // bad startxref pointers even when they have object streams.
-
-        throw damagedPDF("", 0, "unable to find trailer dictionary while recovering damaged file");
-    }
-    if (m->xref_table.empty()) {
-        // We cannot check for an empty xref table in parse because empty tables are valid when
-        // creating QPDF objects from JSON.
-        throw damagedPDF("", 0, "unable to find objects while recovering damaged file");
-    }
-    check_warnings();
-    if (!m->parsed) {
-        m->parsed = true;
-        getAllPages();
-        check_warnings();
-        if (m->all_pages.empty()) {
-            m->parsed = false;
-            throw damagedPDF("", 0, "unable to find any pages while recovering damaged file");
-        }
-    }
-    // We could iterate through the objects looking for streams and try to find objects inside of
-    // them, but it's probably not worth the trouble.  Acrobat can't recover files with any errors
-    // in an xref stream, and this would be a real long shot anyway.  If we wanted to do anything
-    // that involved looking at stream contents, we'd also have to call initializeEncryption() here.
-    // It's safe to call it more than once.
-}
-
-void
-QPDF::read_xref(qpdf_offset_t xref_offset)
-{
-    std::map<int, int> free_table;
-    std::set<qpdf_offset_t> visited;
-    while (xref_offset) {
-        visited.insert(xref_offset);
-        char buf[7];
-        memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
-        m->file->seek(xref_offset, SEEK_SET);
-        // Some files miss the mark a little with startxref. We could do a better job of searching
-        // in the neighborhood for something that looks like either an xref table or stream, but the
-        // simple heuristic of skipping whitespace can help with the xref table case and is harmless
-        // with the stream case.
-        bool done = false;
-        bool skipped_space = false;
-        while (!done) {
-            char ch;
-            if (1 == m->file->read(&ch, 1)) {
-                if (util::is_space(ch)) {
-                    skipped_space = true;
-                } else {
-                    m->file->unreadCh(ch);
-                    done = true;
-                }
-            } else {
-                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF eof skipping spaces before xref", skipped_space ? 0 : 1);
-                done = true;
-            }
-        }
-
-        m->file->read(buf, sizeof(buf) - 1);
-        // The PDF spec says xref must be followed by a line terminator, but files exist in the wild
-        // where it is terminated by arbitrary whitespace.
-        if ((strncmp(buf, "xref", 4) == 0) && util::is_space(buf[4])) {
-            if (skipped_space) {
-                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF xref skipped space");
-                warn(damagedPDF("", 0, "extraneous whitespace seen before xref"));
-            }
-            QTC::TC(
-                "qpdf",
-                "QPDF xref space",
-                ((buf[4] == '\n')       ? 0
-                     : (buf[4] == '\r') ? 1
-                     : (buf[4] == ' ')  ? 2
-                                        : 9999));
-            int skip = 4;
-            // buf is null-terminated, and util::is_space('\0') is false, so this won't overrun.
-            while (util::is_space(buf[skip])) {
-                ++skip;
-            }
-            xref_offset = read_xrefTable(xref_offset + skip);
-        } else {
-            xref_offset = read_xrefStream(xref_offset);
-        }
-        if (visited.count(xref_offset) != 0) {
-            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF xref loop");
-            throw damagedPDF("", 0, "loop detected following xref tables");
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (!m->trailer) {
-        throw damagedPDF("", 0, "unable to find trailer while reading xref");
-    }
-    int size = m->trailer.getKey("/Size").getIntValueAsInt();
-    int max_obj = 0;
-    if (!m->xref_table.empty()) {
-        max_obj = m->xref_table.rbegin()->first.getObj();
-    }
-    if (!m->deleted_objects.empty()) {
-        max_obj = std::max(max_obj, *(m->deleted_objects.rbegin()));
-    }
-    if ((size < 1) || (size - 1 != max_obj)) {
-        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF xref size mismatch");
-        warn(damagedPDF(
-            "",
-            0,
-            ("reported number of objects (" + std::to_string(size) +
-             ") is not one plus the highest object number (" + std::to_string(max_obj) + ")")));
-    }
-
-    // We no longer need the deleted_objects table, so go ahead and clear it out to make sure we
-    // never depend on its being set.
-    m->deleted_objects.clear();
-
-    // Make sure we keep only the highest generation for any object.
-    QPDFObjGen last_og{-1, 0};
-    for (auto const& item: m->xref_table) {
-        auto id = item.first.getObj();
-        if (id == last_og.getObj() && id > 0) {
-            removeObject(last_og);
-        }
-        last_og = item.first;
-    }
-}
-
-bool
-QPDF::parse_xrefFirst(std::string const& line, int& obj, int& num, int& bytes)
-{
-    // is_space and is_digit both return false on '\0', so this will not overrun the null-terminated
-    // buffer.
-    char const* p = line.c_str();
-    char const* start = line.c_str();
-
-    // Skip zero or more spaces
-    while (util::is_space(*p)) {
-        ++p;
-    }
-    // Require digit
-    if (!util::is_digit(*p)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    // Gather digits
-    std::string obj_str;
-    while (util::is_digit(*p)) {
-        obj_str.append(1, *p++);
-    }
-    // Require space
-    if (!util::is_space(*p)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    // Skip spaces
-    while (util::is_space(*p)) {
-        ++p;
-    }
-    // Require digit
-    if (!util::is_digit(*p)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    // Gather digits
-    std::string num_str;
-    while (util::is_digit(*p)) {
-        num_str.append(1, *p++);
-    }
-    // Skip any space including line terminators
-    while (util::is_space(*p)) {
-        ++p;
-    }
-    bytes = toI(p - start);
-    obj = QUtil::string_to_int(obj_str.c_str());
-    num = QUtil::string_to_int(num_str.c_str());
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool
-QPDF::read_bad_xrefEntry(qpdf_offset_t& f1, int& f2, char& type)
-{
-    // Reposition after initial read attempt and reread.
-    m->file->seek(m->file->getLastOffset(), SEEK_SET);
-    auto line = m->file->readLine(30);
-
-    // is_space and is_digit both return false on '\0', so this will not overrun the null-terminated
-    // buffer.
-    char const* p = line.data();
-
-    // Skip zero or more spaces. There aren't supposed to be any.
-    bool invalid = false;
-    while (util::is_space(*p)) {
-        ++p;
-        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF ignore first space in xref entry");
-        invalid = true;
-    }
-    // Require digit
-    if (!util::is_digit(*p)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    // Gather digits
-    std::string f1_str;
-    while (util::is_digit(*p)) {
-        f1_str.append(1, *p++);
-    }
-    // Require space
-    if (!util::is_space(*p)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (util::is_space(*(p + 1))) {
-        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF ignore first extra space in xref entry");
-        invalid = true;
-    }
-    // Skip spaces
-    while (util::is_space(*p)) {
-        ++p;
-    }
-    // Require digit
-    if (!util::is_digit(*p)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    // Gather digits
-    std::string f2_str;
-    while (util::is_digit(*p)) {
-        f2_str.append(1, *p++);
-    }
-    // Require space
-    if (!util::is_space(*p)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (util::is_space(*(p + 1))) {
-        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF ignore second extra space in xref entry");
-        invalid = true;
-    }
-    // Skip spaces
-    while (util::is_space(*p)) {
-        ++p;
-    }
-    if ((*p == 'f') || (*p == 'n')) {
-        type = *p;
-    } else {
-        return false;
-    }
-    if ((f1_str.length() != 10) || (f2_str.length() != 5)) {
-        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF ignore length error xref entry");
-        invalid = true;
-    }
-
-    if (invalid) {
-        warn(damagedPDF("xref table", "accepting invalid xref table entry"));
-    }
-
-    f1 = QUtil::string_to_ll(f1_str.c_str());
-    f2 = QUtil::string_to_int(f2_str.c_str());
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-// Optimistically read and parse xref entry. If entry is bad, call read_bad_xrefEntry and return
-// result.
-bool
-QPDF::read_xrefEntry(qpdf_offset_t& f1, int& f2, char& type)
-{
-    std::array<char, 21> line;
-    if (m->file->read(line.data(), 20) != 20) {
-        // C++20: [[unlikely]]
-        return false;
-    }
-    line[20] = '\0';
-    char const* p = line.data();
-
-    int f1_len = 0;
-    int f2_len = 0;
-
-    // is_space and is_digit both return false on '\0', so this will not overrun the null-terminated
-    // buffer.
-
-    // Gather f1 digits. NB No risk of overflow as 9'999'999'999 < max long long.
-    while (*p == '0') {
-        ++f1_len;
-        ++p;
-    }
-    while (util::is_digit(*p) && f1_len++ < 10) {
-        f1 *= 10;
-        f1 += *p++ - '0';
-    }
-    // Require space
-    if (!util::is_space(*p++)) {
-        // Entry doesn't start with space or digit.
-        // C++20: [[unlikely]]
-        return false;
-    }
-    // Gather digits. NB No risk of overflow as 99'999 < max int.
-    while (*p == '0') {
-        ++f2_len;
-        ++p;
-    }
-    while (util::is_digit(*p) && f2_len++ < 5) {
-        f2 *= 10;
-        f2 += static_cast<int>(*p++ - '0');
-    }
-    if (util::is_space(*p++) && (*p == 'f' || *p == 'n')) {
-        // C++20: [[likely]]
-        type = *p;
-        // No test for valid line[19].
-        if (*(++p) && *(++p) && (*p == '\n' || *p == '\r') && f1_len == 10 && f2_len == 5) {
-            // C++20: [[likely]]
-            return true;
-        }
-    }
-    return read_bad_xrefEntry(f1, f2, type);
-}
-
-// Read a single cross-reference table section and associated trailer.
-qpdf_offset_t
-QPDF::read_xrefTable(qpdf_offset_t xref_offset)
-{
-    m->file->seek(xref_offset, SEEK_SET);
-    std::string line;
-    while (true) {
-        line.assign(50, '\0');
-        m->file->read(line.data(), line.size());
-        int obj = 0;
-        int num = 0;
-        int bytes = 0;
-        if (!parse_xrefFirst(line, obj, num, bytes)) {
-            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF invalid xref");
-            throw damagedPDF("xref table", "xref syntax invalid");
-        }
-        m->file->seek(m->file->getLastOffset() + bytes, SEEK_SET);
-        for (qpdf_offset_t i = obj; i - num < obj; ++i) {
-            if (i == 0) {
-                // This is needed by checkLinearization()
-                m->first_xref_item_offset = m->file->tell();
-            }
-            // For xref_table, these will always be small enough to be ints
-            qpdf_offset_t f1 = 0;
-            int f2 = 0;
-            char type = '\0';
-            if (!read_xrefEntry(f1, f2, type)) {
-                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF invalid xref entry");
-                throw damagedPDF(
-                    "xref table", "invalid xref entry (obj=" + std::to_string(i) + ")");
-            }
-            if (type == 'f') {
-                insertFreeXrefEntry(QPDFObjGen(toI(i), f2));
-            } else {
-                insertXrefEntry(toI(i), 1, f1, f2);
-            }
-        }
-        qpdf_offset_t pos = m->file->tell();
-        if (readToken(*m->file).isWord("trailer")) {
-            break;
-        } else {
-            m->file->seek(pos, SEEK_SET);
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Set offset to previous xref table if any
-    QPDFObjectHandle cur_trailer = readTrailer();
-    if (!cur_trailer.isDictionary()) {
-        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF missing trailer");
-        throw damagedPDF("", "expected trailer dictionary");
-    }
-
-    if (!m->trailer) {
-        setTrailer(cur_trailer);
-
-        if (!m->trailer.hasKey("/Size")) {
-            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF trailer lacks size");
-            throw damagedPDF("trailer", "trailer dictionary lacks /Size key");
-        }
-        if (!m->trailer.getKey("/Size").isInteger()) {
-            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF trailer size not integer");
-            throw damagedPDF("trailer", "/Size key in trailer dictionary is not an integer");
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (cur_trailer.hasKey("/XRefStm")) {
-        if (m->ignore_xref_streams) {
-            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF ignoring XRefStm in trailer");
-        } else {
-            if (cur_trailer.getKey("/XRefStm").isInteger()) {
-                // Read the xref stream but disregard any return value -- we'll use our trailer's
-                // /Prev key instead of the xref stream's.
-                (void)read_xrefStream(cur_trailer.getKey("/XRefStm").getIntValue());
-            } else {
-                throw damagedPDF("xref stream", xref_offset, "invalid /XRefStm");
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (cur_trailer.hasKey("/Prev")) {
-        if (!cur_trailer.getKey("/Prev").isInteger()) {
-            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF trailer prev not integer");
-            throw damagedPDF("trailer", "/Prev key in trailer dictionary is not an integer");
-        }
-        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF prev key in trailer dictionary");
-        return cur_trailer.getKey("/Prev").getIntValue();
-    }
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-// Read a single cross-reference stream.
-qpdf_offset_t
-QPDF::read_xrefStream(qpdf_offset_t xref_offset)
-{
-    if (!m->ignore_xref_streams) {
-        QPDFObjGen x_og;
-        QPDFObjectHandle xref_obj;
-        try {
-            xref_obj =
-                readObjectAtOffset(false, xref_offset, "xref stream", QPDFObjGen(0, 0), x_og, true);
-        } catch (QPDFExc&) {
-            // ignore -- report error below
-        }
-        if (xref_obj.isStreamOfType("/XRef")) {
-            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF found xref stream");
-            return processXRefStream(xref_offset, xref_obj);
-        }
-    }
-
-    QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF can't find xref");
-    throw damagedPDF("", xref_offset, "xref not found");
-    return 0; // unreachable
-}
-
-// Return the entry size of the xref stream and the processed W array.
-std::pair<int, std::array<int, 3>>
-QPDF::processXRefW(QPDFObjectHandle& dict, std::function<QPDFExc(std::string_view)> damaged)
-{
-    auto W_obj = dict.getKey("/W");
-    if (!(W_obj.isArray() && (W_obj.getArrayNItems() >= 3) && W_obj.getArrayItem(0).isInteger() &&
-          W_obj.getArrayItem(1).isInteger() && W_obj.getArrayItem(2).isInteger())) {
-        throw damaged("Cross-reference stream does not have a proper /W key");
-    }
-
-    std::array<int, 3> W;
-    int entry_size = 0;
-    auto w_vector = W_obj.getArrayAsVector();
-    int max_bytes = sizeof(qpdf_offset_t);
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
-        W[i] = w_vector[i].getIntValueAsInt();
-        if (W[i] > max_bytes) {
-            throw damaged("Cross-reference stream's /W contains impossibly large values");
-        }
-        if (W[i] < 0) {
-            throw damaged("Cross-reference stream's /W contains negative values");
-        }
-        entry_size += W[i];
-    }
-    if (entry_size == 0) {
-        throw damaged("Cross-reference stream's /W indicates entry size of 0");
-    }
-    return {entry_size, W};
-}
-
-// Validate Size key and return the maximum number of entries that the xref stream can contain.
-int
-QPDF::processXRefSize(
-    QPDFObjectHandle& dict, int entry_size, std::function<QPDFExc(std::string_view)> damaged)
-{
-    // Number of entries is limited by the highest possible object id and stream size.
-    auto max_num_entries = std::numeric_limits<int>::max();
-    if (max_num_entries > (std::numeric_limits<qpdf_offset_t>::max() / entry_size)) {
-        max_num_entries = toI(std::numeric_limits<qpdf_offset_t>::max() / entry_size);
-    }
-
-    auto Size_obj = dict.getKey("/Size");
-    long long size;
-    if (!dict.getKey("/Size").getValueAsInt(size)) {
-        throw damaged("Cross-reference stream does not have a proper /Size key");
-    } else if (size < 0) {
-        throw damaged("Cross-reference stream has a negative /Size key");
-    } else if (size >= max_num_entries) {
-        throw damaged("Cross-reference stream has an impossibly large /Size key");
-    }
-    // We are not validating that Size <= (Size key of parent xref / trailer).
-    return max_num_entries;
-}
-
-// Return the number of entries of the xref stream and the processed Index array.
-std::pair<int, std::vector<std::pair<int, int>>>
-QPDF::processXRefIndex(
-    QPDFObjectHandle& dict, int max_num_entries, std::function<QPDFExc(std::string_view)> damaged)
-{
-    auto size = dict.getKey("/Size").getIntValueAsInt();
-    auto Index_obj = dict.getKey("/Index");
-
-    if (Index_obj.isArray()) {
-        std::vector<std::pair<int, int>> indx;
-        int num_entries = 0;
-        auto index_vec = Index_obj.getArrayAsVector();
-        if ((index_vec.size() % 2) || index_vec.size() < 2) {
-            throw damaged("Cross-reference stream's /Index has an invalid number of values");
-        }
-
-        int i = 0;
-        long long first = 0;
-        for (auto& val: index_vec) {
-            if (val.isInteger()) {
-                if (i % 2) {
-                    auto count = val.getIntValue();
-                    if (count <= 0) {
-                        throw damaged(
-                            "Cross-reference stream section claims to contain " +
-                            std::to_string(count) + " entries");
-                    }
-                    // We are guarding against the possibility of num_entries * entry_size
-                    // overflowing. We are not checking that entries are in ascending order as
-                    // required by the spec, which probably should generate a warning. We are also
-                    // not checking that for each subsection first object number + number of entries
-                    // <= /Size. The spec requires us to ignore object number > /Size.
-                    if (first > (max_num_entries - count) ||
-                        count > (max_num_entries - num_entries)) {
-                        throw damaged(
-                            "Cross-reference stream claims to contain too many entries: " +
-                            std::to_string(first) + " " + std::to_string(max_num_entries) + " " +
-                            std::to_string(num_entries));
-                    }
-                    indx.emplace_back(static_cast<int>(first), static_cast<int>(count));
-                    num_entries += static_cast<int>(count);
-                } else {
-                    first = val.getIntValue();
-                    if (first < 0) {
-                        throw damaged(
-                            "Cross-reference stream's /Index contains a negative object id");
-                    } else if (first > max_num_entries) {
-                        throw damaged(
-                            "Cross-reference stream's /Index contains an impossibly "
-                            "large object id");
-                    }
-                }
-            } else {
-                throw damaged(
-                    "Cross-reference stream's /Index's item " + std::to_string(i) +
-                    " is not an integer");
-            }
-            i++;
-        }
-        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF xref /Index is array", index_vec.size() == 2 ? 0 : 1);
-        return {num_entries, indx};
-    } else if (Index_obj.isNull()) {
-        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF xref /Index is null");
-        return {size, {{0, size}}};
-    } else {
-        throw damaged("Cross-reference stream does not have a proper /Index key");
-    }
-}
-
-qpdf_offset_t
-QPDF::processXRefStream(qpdf_offset_t xref_offset, QPDFObjectHandle& xref_obj)
-{
-    auto damaged = [this, xref_offset](std::string_view msg) -> QPDFExc {
-        return damagedPDF("xref stream", xref_offset, msg.data());
-    };
-
-    auto dict = xref_obj.getDict();
-
-    auto [entry_size, W] = processXRefW(dict, damaged);
-    int max_num_entries = processXRefSize(dict, entry_size, damaged);
-    auto [num_entries, indx] = processXRefIndex(dict, max_num_entries, damaged);
-
-    std::shared_ptr<Buffer> bp = xref_obj.getStreamData(qpdf_dl_specialized);
-    size_t actual_size = bp->getSize();
-    auto expected_size = toS(entry_size) * toS(num_entries);
-
-    if (expected_size != actual_size) {
-        QPDFExc x = damaged(
-            "Cross-reference stream data has the wrong size; expected = " +
-            std::to_string(expected_size) + "; actual = " + std::to_string(actual_size));
-        if (expected_size > actual_size) {
-            throw x;
-        } else {
-            warn(x);
-        }
-    }
-
-    bool saw_first_compressed_object = false;
-
-    // Actual size vs. expected size check above ensures that we will not overflow any buffers here.
-    // We know that entry_size * num_entries is less or equal to the size of the buffer.
-    auto p = bp->getBuffer();
-    for (auto [obj, sec_entries]: indx) {
-        // Process a subsection.
-        for (int i = 0; i < sec_entries; ++i) {
-            // Read this entry
-            std::array<qpdf_offset_t, 3> fields{};
-            if (W[0] == 0) {
-                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF default for xref stream field 0");
-                fields[0] = 1;
-            }
-            for (size_t j = 0; j < 3; ++j) {
-                for (int k = 0; k < W[j]; ++k) {
-                    fields[j] <<= 8;
-                    fields[j] |= *p++;
-                }
-            }
-
-            // Get the generation number.  The generation number is 0 unless this is an uncompressed
-            // object record, in which case the generation number appears as the third field.
-            if (saw_first_compressed_object) {
-                if (fields[0] != 2) {
-                    m->uncompressed_after_compressed = true;
-                }
-            } else if (fields[0] == 2) {
-                saw_first_compressed_object = true;
-            }
-            if (obj == 0) {
-                // This is needed by checkLinearization()
-                m->first_xref_item_offset = xref_offset;
-            } else if (fields[0] == 0) {
-                // Ignore fields[2], which we don't care about in this case. This works around the
-                // issue of some PDF files that put invalid values, like -1, here for deleted
-                // objects.
-                insertFreeXrefEntry(QPDFObjGen(obj, 0));
-            } else {
-                insertXrefEntry(obj, toI(fields[0]), fields[1], toI(fields[2]));
-            }
-            ++obj;
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (!m->trailer) {
-        setTrailer(dict);
-    }
-
-    if (dict.hasKey("/Prev")) {
-        if (!dict.getKey("/Prev").isInteger()) {
-            throw damagedPDF(
-                "xref stream", "/Prev key in xref stream dictionary is not an integer");
-        }
-        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF prev key in xref stream dictionary");
-        return dict.getKey("/Prev").getIntValue();
-    } else {
-        return 0;
-    }
-}
-
-void
-QPDF::insertXrefEntry(int obj, int f0, qpdf_offset_t f1, int f2)
-{
-    // Populate the xref table in such a way that the first reference to an object that we see,
-    // which is the one in the latest xref table in which it appears, is the one that gets stored.
-    // This works because we are reading more recent appends before older ones.
-
-    // If there is already an entry for this object and generation in the table, it means that a
-    // later xref table has registered this object.  Disregard this one.
-    int new_gen = f0 == 2 ? 0 : f2;
-
-    if (!(obj > 0 && obj <= m->xref_table_max_id && 0 <= f2 && new_gen < 65535)) {
-        // We are ignoring invalid objgens. Most will arrive here from xref reconstruction. There
-        // is probably no point having another warning but we could count invalid items in order to
-        // decide when to give up.
-        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF xref overwrite invalid objgen");
-        // ignore impossibly large object ids or object ids > Size.
-        return;
-    }
-
-    if (m->deleted_objects.count(obj)) {
-        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF xref deleted object");
-        return;
-    }
-
-    if (f0 == 2 && static_cast<int>(f1) == obj) {
-        warn(damagedPDF("xref stream", "self-referential object stream " + std::to_string(obj)));
-        return;
-    }
-
-    auto [iter, created] = m->xref_table.try_emplace(QPDFObjGen(obj, (f0 == 2 ? 0 : f2)));
-    if (!created) {
-        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF xref reused object");
-        return;
-    }
-
-    switch (f0) {
-    case 1:
-        // f2 is generation
-        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF xref gen > 0", ((f2 > 0) ? 1 : 0));
-        iter->second = QPDFXRefEntry(f1);
-        break;
-
-    case 2:
-        iter->second = QPDFXRefEntry(toI(f1), f2);
-        break;
-
-    default:
-        throw damagedPDF("xref stream", "unknown xref stream entry type " + std::to_string(f0));
-        break;
-    }
-}
-
-void
-QPDF::insertFreeXrefEntry(QPDFObjGen og)
-{
-    if (!m->xref_table.count(og)) {
-        m->deleted_objects.insert(og.getObj());
-    }
-}
-
-void
-QPDF::showXRefTable()
-{
-    auto& cout = *m->log->getInfo();
-    for (auto const& iter: m->xref_table) {
-        QPDFObjGen const& og = iter.first;
-        QPDFXRefEntry const& entry = iter.second;
-        cout << og.unparse('/') << ": ";
-        switch (entry.getType()) {
-        case 1:
-            cout << "uncompressed; offset = " << entry.getOffset();
-            break;
-
-        case 2:
-            *m->log->getInfo() << "compressed; stream = " << entry.getObjStreamNumber()
-                               << ", index = " << entry.getObjStreamIndex();
-            break;
-
-        default:
-            throw std::logic_error("unknown cross-reference table type while showing xref_table");
-            break;
-        }
-        m->log->info("\n");
-    }
-}
-
-// Resolve all objects in the xref table. If this triggers a xref table reconstruction abort and
-// return false. Otherwise return true.
-bool
-QPDF::resolveXRefTable()
-{
-    bool may_change = !m->reconstructed_xref;
-    for (auto& iter: m->xref_table) {
-        if (isUnresolved(iter.first)) {
-            resolve(iter.first);
-            if (may_change && m->reconstructed_xref) {
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-// Ensure all objects in the pdf file, including those in indirect references, appear in the object
-// cache.
-void
-QPDF::fixDanglingReferences(bool force)
-{
-    if (m->fixed_dangling_refs) {
-        return;
-    }
-    if (!resolveXRefTable()) {
-        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF fix dangling triggered xref reconstruction");
-        resolveXRefTable();
-    }
-    m->fixed_dangling_refs = true;
-}
-
-size_t
-QPDF::getObjectCount()
-{
-    // This method returns the next available indirect object number. makeIndirectObject uses it for
-    // this purpose. After fixDanglingReferences is called, all objects in the xref table will also
-    // be in obj_cache.
-    fixDanglingReferences();
-    QPDFObjGen og;
-    if (!m->obj_cache.empty()) {
-        og = (*(m->obj_cache.rbegin())).first;
-    }
-    return toS(og.getObj());
-}
-
-std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>
-QPDF::getAllObjects()
-{
-    // After fixDanglingReferences is called, all objects are in the object cache.
-    fixDanglingReferences();
-    std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> result;
-    for (auto const& iter: m->obj_cache) {
-        result.push_back(newIndirect(iter.first, iter.second.object));
-    }
-    return result;
-}
-
-void
-QPDF::setLastObjectDescription(std::string const& description, QPDFObjGen og)
-{
-    m->last_object_description.clear();
-    if (!description.empty()) {
-        m->last_object_description += description;
-        if (og.isIndirect()) {
-            m->last_object_description += ": ";
-        }
-    }
-    if (og.isIndirect()) {
-        m->last_object_description += "object " + og.unparse(' ');
-    }
-}
-
-QPDFObjectHandle
-QPDF::readTrailer()
-{
-    qpdf_offset_t offset = m->file->tell();
-    bool empty = false;
-    auto object =
-        QPDFParser(*m->file, "trailer", m->tokenizer, nullptr, this, true).parse(empty, false);
-    if (empty) {
-        // Nothing in the PDF spec appears to allow empty objects, but they have been encountered in
-        // actual PDF files and Adobe Reader appears to ignore them.
-        warn(damagedPDF("trailer", "empty object treated as null"));
-    } else if (object.isDictionary() && readToken(*m->file).isWord("stream")) {
-        warn(damagedPDF("trailer", m->file->tell(), "stream keyword found in trailer"));
-    }
-    // Override last_offset so that it points to the beginning of the object we just read
-    m->file->setLastOffset(offset);
-    return object;
-}
-
-QPDFObjectHandle
-QPDF::readObject(std::string const& description, QPDFObjGen og)
-{
-    setLastObjectDescription(description, og);
-    qpdf_offset_t offset = m->file->tell();
-    bool empty = false;
-
-    StringDecrypter decrypter{this, og};
-    StringDecrypter* decrypter_ptr = m->encp->encrypted ? &decrypter : nullptr;
-    auto object =
-        QPDFParser(*m->file, m->last_object_description, m->tokenizer, decrypter_ptr, this, true)
-            .parse(empty, false);
-    if (empty) {
-        // Nothing in the PDF spec appears to allow empty objects, but they have been encountered in
-        // actual PDF files and Adobe Reader appears to ignore them.
-        warn(damagedPDF(*m->file, m->file->getLastOffset(), "empty object treated as null"));
-        return object;
-    }
-    auto token = readToken(*m->file);
-    if (object.isDictionary() && token.isWord("stream")) {
-        readStream(object, og, offset);
-        token = readToken(*m->file);
-    }
-    if (!token.isWord("endobj")) {
-        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF err expected endobj");
-        warn(damagedPDF("expected endobj"));
-    }
-    return object;
-}
-
-// After reading stream dictionary and stream keyword, read rest of stream.
 void
-QPDF::readStream(QPDFObjectHandle& object, QPDFObjGen og, qpdf_offset_t offset)
-{
-    validateStreamLineEnd(object, og, offset);
-
-    // Must get offset before accessing any additional objects since resolving a previously
-    // unresolved indirect object will change file position.
-    qpdf_offset_t stream_offset = m->file->tell();
-    size_t length = 0;
-
-    try {
-        auto length_obj = object.getKey("/Length");
-
-        if (!length_obj.isInteger()) {
-            if (length_obj.isNull()) {
-                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF stream without length");
-                throw damagedPDF(offset, "stream dictionary lacks /Length key");
-            }
-            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF stream length not integer");
-            throw damagedPDF(offset, "/Length key in stream dictionary is not an integer");
-        }
-
-        length = toS(length_obj.getUIntValue());
-        // Seek in two steps to avoid potential integer overflow
-        m->file->seek(stream_offset, SEEK_SET);
-        m->file->seek(toO(length), SEEK_CUR);
-        if (!readToken(*m->file).isWord("endstream")) {
-            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF missing endstream");
-            throw damagedPDF("expected endstream");
-        }
-    } catch (QPDFExc& e) {
-        if (m->attempt_recovery) {
-            warn(e);
-            length = recoverStreamLength(m->file, og, stream_offset);
-        } else {
-            throw;
-        }
-    }
-    object = QPDFObjectHandle(qpdf::Stream(*this, og, object, stream_offset, length));
-}
-
-void
-QPDF::validateStreamLineEnd(QPDFObjectHandle& object, QPDFObjGen og, qpdf_offset_t offset)
-{
-    // The PDF specification states that the word "stream" should be followed by either a carriage
-    // return and a newline or by a newline alone.  It specifically disallowed following it by a
-    // carriage return alone since, in that case, there would be no way to tell whether the NL in a
-    // CR NL sequence was part of the stream data.  However, some readers, including Adobe reader,
-    // accept a carriage return by itself when followed by a non-newline character, so that's what
-    // we do here. We have also seen files that have extraneous whitespace between the stream
-    // keyword and the newline.
-    while (true) {
-        char ch;
-        if (m->file->read(&ch, 1) == 0) {
-            // A premature EOF here will result in some other problem that will get reported at
-            // another time.
-            return;
-        }
-        if (ch == '\n') {
-            // ready to read stream data
-            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF stream with NL only");
-            return;
-        }
-        if (ch == '\r') {
-            // Read another character
-            if (m->file->read(&ch, 1) != 0) {
-                if (ch == '\n') {
-                    // Ready to read stream data
-                    QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF stream with CRNL");
-                } else {
-                    // Treat the \r by itself as the whitespace after endstream and start reading
-                    // stream data in spite of not having seen a newline.
-                    QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF stream with CR only");
-                    m->file->unreadCh(ch);
-                    warn(damagedPDF(
-                        m->file->tell(), "stream keyword followed by carriage return only"));
-                }
-            }
-            return;
-        }
-        if (!util::is_space(ch)) {
-            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF stream without newline");
-            m->file->unreadCh(ch);
-            warn(damagedPDF(
-                m->file->tell(), "stream keyword not followed by proper line terminator"));
-            return;
-        }
-        warn(damagedPDF(m->file->tell(), "stream keyword followed by extraneous whitespace"));
-    }
-}
-
-QPDFObjectHandle
-QPDF::readObjectInStream(std::shared_ptr<InputSource>& input, int obj)
-{
-    m->last_object_description.erase(7); // last_object_description starts with "object "
-    m->last_object_description += std::to_string(obj);
-    m->last_object_description += " 0";
-
-    bool empty = false;
-    auto object = QPDFParser(*input, m->last_object_description, m->tokenizer, nullptr, this, true)
-                      .parse(empty, false);
-    if (empty) {
-        // Nothing in the PDF spec appears to allow empty objects, but they have been encountered in
-        // actual PDF files and Adobe Reader appears to ignore them.
-        warn(damagedPDF(*input, input->getLastOffset(), "empty object treated as null"));
-    }
-    return object;
-}
-
-bool
-QPDF::findEndstream()
-{
-    // Find endstream or endobj. Position the input at that token.
-    auto t = readToken(*m->file, 20);
-    if (t.isWord("endobj") || t.isWord("endstream")) {
-        m->file->seek(m->file->getLastOffset(), SEEK_SET);
-        return true;
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-
-size_t
-QPDF::recoverStreamLength(
-    std::shared_ptr<InputSource> input, QPDFObjGen og, qpdf_offset_t stream_offset)
-{
-    // Try to reconstruct stream length by looking for endstream or endobj
-    warn(damagedPDF(*input, stream_offset, "attempting to recover stream length"));
-
-    PatternFinder ef(*this, &QPDF::findEndstream);
-    size_t length = 0;
-    if (m->file->findFirst("end", stream_offset, 0, ef)) {
-        length = toS(m->file->tell() - stream_offset);
-        // Reread endstream but, if it was endobj, don't skip that.
-        QPDFTokenizer::Token t = readToken(*m->file);
-        if (t.getValue() == "endobj") {
-            m->file->seek(m->file->getLastOffset(), SEEK_SET);
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (length) {
-        auto end = stream_offset + toO(length);
-        qpdf_offset_t found_offset = 0;
-        QPDFObjGen found_og;
-
-        // Make sure this is inside this object
-        for (auto const& [current_og, entry]: m->xref_table) {
-            if (entry.getType() == 1) {
-                qpdf_offset_t obj_offset = entry.getOffset();
-                if (found_offset < obj_offset && obj_offset < end) {
-                    found_offset = obj_offset;
-                    found_og = current_og;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        if (!found_offset || found_og == og) {
-            // If we are trying to recover an XRef stream the xref table will not contain and
-            // won't contain any entries, therefore we cannot check the found length. Otherwise we
-            // found endstream\nendobj within the space allowed for this object, so we're probably
-            // in good shape.
-        } else {
-            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF found wrong endstream in recovery");
-            length = 0;
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (length == 0) {
-        warn(damagedPDF(
-            *input, stream_offset, "unable to recover stream data; treating stream as empty"));
-    } else {
-        warn(damagedPDF(
-            *input, stream_offset, "recovered stream length: " + std::to_string(length)));
-    }
-
-    QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF recovered stream length");
-    return length;
-}
-
-QPDFTokenizer::Token
-QPDF::readToken(InputSource& input, size_t max_len)
-{
-    return m->tokenizer.readToken(input, m->last_object_description, true, max_len);
-}
-
-QPDFObjectHandle
-QPDF::readObjectAtOffset(
-    bool try_recovery,
-    qpdf_offset_t offset,
-    std::string const& description,
-    QPDFObjGen exp_og,
-    QPDFObjGen& og,
-    bool skip_cache_if_in_xref)
-{
-    bool check_og = true;
-    if (exp_og.getObj() == 0) {
-        // This method uses an expect object ID of 0 to indicate that we don't know or don't care
-        // what the actual object ID is at this offset. This is true when we read the xref stream
-        // and linearization hint streams. In this case, we don't verify the expect object
-        // ID/generation against what was read from the file. There is also no reason to attempt
-        // xref recovery if we get a failure in this case since the read attempt was not triggered
-        // by an xref lookup.
-        check_og = false;
-        try_recovery = false;
-    }
-    setLastObjectDescription(description, exp_og);
-
-    if (!m->attempt_recovery) {
-        try_recovery = false;
-    }
-
-    // Special case: if offset is 0, just return null.  Some PDF writers, in particular
-    // "Mac OS X 10.7.5 Quartz PDFContext", may store deleted objects in the xref table as
-    // "0000000000 00000 n", which is not correct, but it won't hurt anything for us to ignore
-    // these.
-    if (offset == 0) {
-        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF bogus 0 offset", 0);
-        warn(damagedPDF(0, "object has offset 0"));
-        return QPDFObjectHandle::newNull();
-    }
-
-    m->file->seek(offset, SEEK_SET);
-    try {
-        QPDFTokenizer::Token tobjid = readToken(*m->file);
-        bool objidok = tobjid.isInteger();
-        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF check objid", objidok ? 1 : 0);
-        if (!objidok) {
-            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF expected n n obj");
-            throw damagedPDF(offset, "expected n n obj");
-        }
-        QPDFTokenizer::Token tgen = readToken(*m->file);
-        bool genok = tgen.isInteger();
-        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF check generation", genok ? 1 : 0);
-        if (!genok) {
-            throw damagedPDF(offset, "expected n n obj");
-        }
-        QPDFTokenizer::Token tobj = readToken(*m->file);
-
-        bool objok = tobj.isWord("obj");
-        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF check obj", objok ? 1 : 0);
-
-        if (!objok) {
-            throw damagedPDF(offset, "expected n n obj");
-        }
-        int objid = QUtil::string_to_int(tobjid.getValue().c_str());
-        int generation = QUtil::string_to_int(tgen.getValue().c_str());
-        og = QPDFObjGen(objid, generation);
-        if (objid == 0) {
-            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF object id 0");
-            throw damagedPDF(offset, "object with ID 0");
-        }
-        if (check_og && (exp_og != og)) {
-            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF err wrong objid/generation");
-            QPDFExc e = damagedPDF(offset, "expected " + exp_og.unparse(' ') + " obj");
-            if (try_recovery) {
-                // Will be retried below
-                throw e;
-            } else {
-                // We can try reading the object anyway even if the ID doesn't match.
-                warn(e);
-            }
-        }
-    } catch (QPDFExc& e) {
-        if (try_recovery) {
-            // Try again after reconstructing xref table
-            reconstruct_xref(e);
-            if (m->xref_table.count(exp_og) && (m->xref_table[exp_og].getType() == 1)) {
-                qpdf_offset_t new_offset = m->xref_table[exp_og].getOffset();
-                QPDFObjectHandle result =
-                    readObjectAtOffset(false, new_offset, description, exp_og, og, false);
-                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF recovered in readObjectAtOffset");
-                return result;
-            } else {
-                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF object gone after xref reconstruction");
-                warn(damagedPDF(
-                    "",
-                    0,
-                    ("object " + exp_og.unparse(' ') +
-                     " not found in file after regenerating cross reference "
-                     "table")));
-                return QPDFObjectHandle::newNull();
-            }
-        } else {
-            throw;
-        }
-    }
-
-    QPDFObjectHandle oh = readObject(description, og);
-
-    if (isUnresolved(og)) {
-        // Store the object in the cache here so it gets cached whether we first know the offset or
-        // whether we first know the object ID and generation (in which we case we would get here
-        // through resolve).
-
-        // Determine the end offset of this object before and after white space.  We use these
-        // numbers to validate linearization hint tables.  Offsets and lengths of objects may imply
-        // the end of an object to be anywhere between these values.
-        qpdf_offset_t end_before_space = m->file->tell();
-
-        // skip over spaces
-        while (true) {
-            char ch;
-            if (m->file->read(&ch, 1)) {
-                if (!isspace(static_cast<unsigned char>(ch))) {
-                    m->file->seek(-1, SEEK_CUR);
-                    break;
-                }
-            } else {
-                throw damagedPDF(m->file->tell(), "EOF after endobj");
-            }
-        }
-        qpdf_offset_t end_after_space = m->file->tell();
-        if (skip_cache_if_in_xref && m->xref_table.count(og)) {
-            // Ordinarily, an object gets read here when resolved through xref table or stream. In
-            // the special case of the xref stream and linearization hint tables, the offset comes
-            // from another source. For the specific case of xref streams, the xref stream is read
-            // and loaded into the object cache very early in parsing. Ordinarily, when a file is
-            // updated by appending, items inserted into the xref table in later updates take
-            // precedence over earlier items. In the special case of reusing the object number
-            // previously used as the xref stream, we have the following order of events:
-            //
-            // * reused object gets loaded into the xref table
-            // * old object is read here while reading xref streams
-            // * original xref entry is ignored (since already in xref table)
-            //
-            // It is the second step that causes a problem. Even though the xref table is correct in
-            // this case, the old object is already in the cache and so effectively prevails over
-            // the reused object. To work around this issue, we have a special case for the xref
-            // stream (via the skip_cache_if_in_xref): if the object is already in the xref stream,
-            // don't cache what we read here.
-            //
-            // It is likely that the same bug may exist for linearization hint tables, but the
-            // existing code uses end_before_space and end_after_space from the cache, so fixing
-            // that would require more significant rework. The chances of a linearization hint
-            // stream being reused seems smaller because the xref stream is probably the highest
-            // object in the file and the linearization hint stream would be some random place in
-            // the middle, so I'm leaving that bug unfixed for now. If the bug were to be fixed, we
-            // could use !check_og in place of skip_cache_if_in_xref.
-            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF skipping cache for known unchecked object");
-        } else {
-            updateCache(og, oh.getObj(), end_before_space, end_after_space);
-        }
-    }
-
-    return oh;
-}
-
-std::shared_ptr<QPDFObject> const&
-QPDF::resolve(QPDFObjGen og)
-{
-    if (!isUnresolved(og)) {
-        return m->obj_cache[og].object;
-    }
-
-    if (m->resolving.count(og)) {
-        // This can happen if an object references itself directly or indirectly in some key that
-        // has to be resolved during object parsing, such as stream length.
-        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF recursion loop in resolve");
-        warn(damagedPDF("", "loop detected resolving object " + og.unparse(' ')));
-        updateCache(og, QPDFObject::create<QPDF_Null>(), -1, -1);
-        return m->obj_cache[og].object;
-    }
-    ResolveRecorder rr(this, og);
-
-    if (m->xref_table.count(og) != 0) {
-        QPDFXRefEntry const& entry = m->xref_table[og];
-        try {
-            switch (entry.getType()) {
-            case 1:
-                {
-                    qpdf_offset_t offset = entry.getOffset();
-                    // Object stored in cache by readObjectAtOffset
-                    QPDFObjGen a_og;
-                    QPDFObjectHandle oh = readObjectAtOffset(true, offset, "", og, a_og, false);
-                }
-                break;
-
-            case 2:
-                resolveObjectsInStream(entry.getObjStreamNumber());
-                break;
-
-            default:
-                throw damagedPDF(
-                    "", 0, ("object " + og.unparse('/') + " has unexpected xref entry type"));
-            }
-        } catch (QPDFExc& e) {
-            warn(e);
-        } catch (std::exception& e) {
-            warn(damagedPDF(
-                "", 0, ("object " + og.unparse('/') + ": error reading object: " + e.what())));
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (isUnresolved(og)) {
-        // PDF spec says unknown objects resolve to the null object.
-        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF resolve failure to null");
-        updateCache(og, QPDFObject::create<QPDF_Null>(), -1, -1);
-    }
-
-    auto& result(m->obj_cache[og].object);
-    result->setDefaultDescription(this, og);
-    return result;
-}
-
-void
-QPDF::resolveObjectsInStream(int obj_stream_number)
+QPDF::warn(QPDFExc const& e)
 {
-    if (m->resolved_object_streams.count(obj_stream_number)) {
-        return;
-    }
-    m->resolved_object_streams.insert(obj_stream_number);
-    // Force resolution of object stream
-    QPDFObjectHandle obj_stream = getObjectByID(obj_stream_number, 0);
-    if (!obj_stream.isStream()) {
-        throw damagedPDF(
-            "supposed object stream " + std::to_string(obj_stream_number) + " is not a stream");
-    }
-
-    // For linearization data in the object, use the data from the object stream for the objects in
-    // the stream.
-    QPDFObjGen stream_og(obj_stream_number, 0);
-    qpdf_offset_t end_before_space = m->obj_cache[stream_og].end_before_space;
-    qpdf_offset_t end_after_space = m->obj_cache[stream_og].end_after_space;
-
-    QPDFObjectHandle dict = obj_stream.getDict();
-    if (!dict.isDictionaryOfType("/ObjStm")) {
-        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF ERR object stream with wrong type");
-        warn(damagedPDF(
-            "supposed object stream " + std::to_string(obj_stream_number) + " has wrong type"));
-    }
-
-    if (!(dict.getKey("/N").isInteger() && dict.getKey("/First").isInteger())) {
-        throw damagedPDF(
-            ("object stream " + std::to_string(obj_stream_number) + " has incorrect keys"));
-    }
-
-    int n = dict.getKey("/N").getIntValueAsInt();
-    int first = dict.getKey("/First").getIntValueAsInt();
-
-    std::map<int, int> offsets;
-
-    std::shared_ptr<Buffer> bp = obj_stream.getStreamData(qpdf_dl_specialized);
-    auto input = std::shared_ptr<InputSource>(
-        // line-break
-        new BufferInputSource(
-            (m->file->getName() + " object stream " + std::to_string(obj_stream_number)),
-            bp.get()));
-
-    long long last_offset = -1;
-    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
-        QPDFTokenizer::Token tnum = readToken(*input);
-        QPDFTokenizer::Token toffset = readToken(*input);
-        if (!(tnum.isInteger() && toffset.isInteger())) {
-            throw damagedPDF(
-                *input,
-                m->last_object_description,
-                input->getLastOffset(),
-                "expected integer in object stream header");
-        }
-
-        int num = QUtil::string_to_int(tnum.getValue().c_str());
-        long long offset = QUtil::string_to_int(toffset.getValue().c_str());
-
-        if (num == obj_stream_number) {
-            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF ignore self-referential object stream");
-            warn(damagedPDF(
-                *input,
-                m->last_object_description,
-                input->getLastOffset(),
-                "object stream claims to contain itself"));
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        if (num < 1) {
-            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF object stream contains id < 1");
-            warn(damagedPDF(
-                *input,
-                "object "s + std::to_string(num) + " 0, offset " + std::to_string(offset),
-                0,
-                "object id is invalid"s));
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        if (offset <= last_offset) {
-            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF object stream offsets not increasing");
-            warn(damagedPDF(
-                *input,
-                "object "s + std::to_string(num) + " 0, offset " + std::to_string(offset),
-                0,
-                "offset is invalid (must be larger than previous offset " +
-                    std::to_string(last_offset) + ")"));
-            continue;
-        }
-        last_offset = offset;
-
-        if (num > m->xref_table_max_id) {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        offsets[num] = toI(offset + first);
+    if (m->max_warnings > 0 && m->warnings.size() >= m->max_warnings) {
+        stopOnError("Too many warnings - file is too badly damaged");
     }
-
-    // To avoid having to read the object stream multiple times, store all objects that would be
-    // found here in the cache.  Remember that some objects stored here might have been overridden
-    // by new objects appended to the file, so it is necessary to recheck the xref table and only
-    // cache what would actually be resolved here.
-    m->last_object_description.clear();
-    m->last_object_description += "object ";
-    for (auto const& iter: offsets) {
-        QPDFObjGen og(iter.first, 0);
-        auto entry = m->xref_table.find(og);
-        if (entry != m->xref_table.end() && entry->second.getType() == 2 &&
-            entry->second.getObjStreamNumber() == obj_stream_number) {
-            int offset = iter.second;
-            input->seek(offset, SEEK_SET);
-            QPDFObjectHandle oh = readObjectInStream(input, iter.first);
-            updateCache(og, oh.getObj(), end_before_space, end_after_space);
-        } else {
-            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF not caching overridden objstm object");
-        }
+    m->warnings.push_back(e);
+    if (!m->suppress_warnings) {
+        *m->log->getWarn() << "WARNING: " << m->warnings.back().what() << "\n";
     }
 }
  
-QPDFObjectHandle
-QPDF::newIndirect(QPDFObjGen og, std::shared_ptr<QPDFObject> const& obj)
-{
-    obj->setDefaultDescription(this, og);
-    return {obj};
-}
-
 void
-QPDF::updateCache(
-    QPDFObjGen og,
-    std::shared_ptr<QPDFObject> const& object,
-    qpdf_offset_t end_before_space,
-    qpdf_offset_t end_after_space,
-    bool destroy)
-{
-    object->setObjGen(this, og);
-    if (isCached(og)) {
-        auto& cache = m->obj_cache[og];
-        object->move_to(cache.object, destroy);
-        cache.end_before_space = end_before_space;
-        cache.end_after_space = end_after_space;
-    } else {
-        m->obj_cache[og] = ObjCache(object, end_before_space, end_after_space);
-    }
-}
-
-bool
-QPDF::isCached(QPDFObjGen og)
-{
-    return m->obj_cache.count(og) != 0;
-}
-
-bool
-QPDF::isUnresolved(QPDFObjGen og)
-{
-    return !isCached(og) || m->obj_cache[og].object->isUnresolved();
-}
-
-QPDFObjGen
-QPDF::nextObjGen()
-{
-    int max_objid = toI(getObjectCount());
-    if (max_objid == std::numeric_limits<int>::max()) {
-        throw std::range_error("max object id is too high to create new objects");
-    }
-    return QPDFObjGen(max_objid + 1, 0);
-}
-
-QPDFObjectHandle
-QPDF::makeIndirectFromQPDFObject(std::shared_ptr<QPDFObject> const& obj)
-{
-    QPDFObjGen next{nextObjGen()};
-    m->obj_cache[next] = ObjCache(obj, -1, -1);
-    return newIndirect(next, m->obj_cache[next].object);
-}
-
-QPDFObjectHandle
-QPDF::makeIndirectObject(QPDFObjectHandle oh)
+QPDF::warn(
+    qpdf_error_code_e error_code,
+    std::string const& object,
+    qpdf_offset_t offset,
+    std::string const& message)
 {
-    if (!oh) {
-        throw std::logic_error("attempted to make an uninitialized QPDFObjectHandle indirect");
-    }
-    return makeIndirectFromQPDFObject(oh.getObj());
+    warn(QPDFExc(error_code, getFilename(), object, offset, message));
 }
  
 QPDFObjectHandle
@@ -2170,52 +470,6 @@ QPDF::newStream(std::string const&amp; data)
     return result;
 }
  
-std::shared_ptr<QPDFObject>
-QPDF::getObjectForParser(int id, int gen, bool parse_pdf)
-{
-    // This method is called by the parser and therefore must not resolve any objects.
-    auto og = QPDFObjGen(id, gen);
-    if (auto iter = m->obj_cache.find(og); iter != m->obj_cache.end()) {
-        return iter->second.object;
-    }
-    if (m->xref_table.count(og) || !m->parsed) {
-        return m->obj_cache.insert({og, QPDFObject::create<QPDF_Unresolved>(this, og)})
-            .first->second.object;
-    }
-    if (parse_pdf) {
-        return QPDFObject::create<QPDF_Null>();
-    }
-    return m->obj_cache.insert({og, QPDFObject::create<QPDF_Null>(this, og)}).first->second.object;
-}
-
-std::shared_ptr<QPDFObject>
-QPDF::getObjectForJSON(int id, int gen)
-{
-    auto og = QPDFObjGen(id, gen);
-    auto [it, inserted] = m->obj_cache.try_emplace(og);
-    auto& obj = it->second.object;
-    if (inserted) {
-        obj = (m->parsed && !m->xref_table.count(og))
-            ? QPDFObject::create<QPDF_Null>(this, og)
-            : QPDFObject::create<QPDF_Unresolved>(this, og);
-    }
-    return obj;
-}
-
-QPDFObjectHandle
-QPDF::getObject(QPDFObjGen og)
-{
-    if (auto it = m->obj_cache.find(og); it != m->obj_cache.end()) {
-        return {it->second.object};
-    } else if (m->parsed && !m->xref_table.count(og)) {
-        return QPDFObject::create<QPDF_Null>();
-    } else {
-        auto result =
-            m->obj_cache.try_emplace(og, QPDFObject::create<QPDF_Unresolved>(this, og), -1, -1);
-        return {result.first->second.object};
-    }
-}
-
 QPDFObjectHandle
 QPDF::getObject(int objid, int generation)
 {
@@ -2234,45 +488,6 @@ QPDF::getObjectByID(int objid, int generation)
     return getObject(QPDFObjGen(objid, generation));
 }
  
-void
-QPDF::replaceObject(int objid, int generation, QPDFObjectHandle oh)
-{
-    replaceObject(QPDFObjGen(objid, generation), oh);
-}
-
-void
-QPDF::replaceObject(QPDFObjGen og, QPDFObjectHandle oh)
-{
-    if (!oh || (oh.isIndirect() && !(oh.isStream() && oh.getObjGen() == og))) {
-        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF replaceObject called with indirect object");
-        throw std::logic_error("QPDF::replaceObject called with indirect object handle");
-    }
-    updateCache(og, oh.getObj(), -1, -1, false);
-}
-
-void
-QPDF::removeObject(QPDFObjGen og)
-{
-    m->xref_table.erase(og);
-    if (auto cached = m->obj_cache.find(og); cached != m->obj_cache.end()) {
-        // Take care of any object handles that may be floating around.
-        cached->second.object->assign_null();
-        cached->second.object->setObjGen(nullptr, QPDFObjGen());
-        m->obj_cache.erase(cached);
-    }
-}
-
-void
-QPDF::replaceReserved(QPDFObjectHandle reserved, QPDFObjectHandle replacement)
-{
-    QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF replaceReserved");
-    auto tc = reserved.getTypeCode();
-    if (!(tc == ::ot_reserved || tc == ::ot_null)) {
-        throw std::logic_error("replaceReserved called with non-reserved object");
-    }
-    replaceObject(reserved.getObjGen(), replacement);
-}
-
 QPDFObjectHandle
 QPDF::copyForeignObject(QPDFObjectHandle foreign)
 {
@@ -2532,21 +747,6 @@ QPDF::copyStreamData(QPDFObjectHandle result, QPDFObjectHandle foreign)
     }
 }
  
-void
-QPDF::swapObjects(int objid1, int generation1, int objid2, int generation2)
-{
-    swapObjects(QPDFObjGen(objid1, generation1), QPDFObjGen(objid2, generation2));
-}
-
-void
-QPDF::swapObjects(QPDFObjGen og1, QPDFObjGen og2)
-{
-    // Force objects to be read from the input source if needed, then swap them in the cache.
-    resolve(og1);
-    resolve(og2);
-    m->obj_cache[og1].object->swapWith(m->obj_cache[og2].object);
-}
-
 unsigned long long
 QPDF::getUniqueId() const
 {
@@ -2640,136 +840,6 @@ QPDF::getXRefTableInternal()
     return m->xref_table;
 }
  
-size_t
-QPDF::tableSize()
-{
-    // If obj_cache is dense, accommodate all object in tables,else accommodate only original
-    // objects.
-    auto max_xref = m->xref_table.size() ? m->xref_table.crbegin()->first.getObj() : 0;
-    auto max_obj = m->obj_cache.size() ? m->obj_cache.crbegin()->first.getObj() : 0;
-    auto max_id = std::numeric_limits<int>::max() - 1;
-    if (max_obj >= max_id || max_xref >= max_id) {
-        // Temporary fix. Long-term solution is
-        // - QPDFObjGen to enforce objgens are valid and sensible
-        // - xref table and obj cache to protect against insertion of impossibly large obj ids
-        stopOnError("Impossibly large object id encountered.");
-    }
-    if (max_obj < 1.1 * std::max(toI(m->obj_cache.size()), max_xref)) {
-        return toS(++max_obj);
-    }
-    return toS(++max_xref);
-}
-
-std::vector<QPDFObjGen>
-QPDF::getCompressibleObjVector()
-{
-    return getCompressibleObjGens<QPDFObjGen>();
-}
-
-std::vector<bool>
-QPDF::getCompressibleObjSet()
-{
-    return getCompressibleObjGens<bool>();
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-std::vector<T>
-QPDF::getCompressibleObjGens()
-{
-    // Return a list of objects that are allowed to be in object streams.  Walk through the objects
-    // by traversing the document from the root, including a traversal of the pages tree.  This
-    // makes that objects that are on the same page are more likely to be in the same object stream,
-    // which is slightly more efficient, particularly with linearized files.  This is better than
-    // iterating through the xref table since it avoids preserving orphaned items.
-
-    // Exclude encryption dictionary, if any
-    QPDFObjectHandle encryption_dict = m->trailer.getKey("/Encrypt");
-    QPDFObjGen encryption_dict_og = encryption_dict.getObjGen();
-
-    const size_t max_obj = getObjectCount();
-    std::vector<bool> visited(max_obj, false);
-    std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> queue;
-    queue.reserve(512);
-    queue.push_back(m->trailer);
-    std::vector<T> result;
-    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, QPDFObjGen>) {
-        result.reserve(m->obj_cache.size());
-    } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, bool>) {
-        result.resize(max_obj + 1U, false);
-    } else {
-        throw std::logic_error("Unsupported type in QPDF::getCompressibleObjGens");
-    }
-    while (!queue.empty()) {
-        auto obj = queue.back();
-        queue.pop_back();
-        if (obj.getObjectID() > 0) {
-            QPDFObjGen og = obj.getObjGen();
-            const size_t id = toS(og.getObj() - 1);
-            if (id >= max_obj) {
-                throw std::logic_error(
-                    "unexpected object id encountered in getCompressibleObjGens");
-            }
-            if (visited[id]) {
-                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF loop detected traversing objects");
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            // Check whether this is the current object. If not, remove it (which changes it into a
-            // direct null and therefore stops us from revisiting it) and move on to the next object
-            // in the queue.
-            auto upper = m->obj_cache.upper_bound(og);
-            if (upper != m->obj_cache.end() && upper->first.getObj() == og.getObj()) {
-                removeObject(og);
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            visited[id] = true;
-
-            if (og == encryption_dict_og) {
-                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF exclude encryption dictionary");
-            } else if (!(obj.isStream() ||
-                         (obj.isDictionaryOfType("/Sig") && obj.hasKey("/ByteRange") &&
-                          obj.hasKey("/Contents")))) {
-                if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, QPDFObjGen>) {
-                    result.push_back(og);
-                } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, bool>) {
-                    result[id + 1U] = true;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        if (obj.isStream()) {
-            auto dict = obj.getDict().as_dictionary();
-            auto end = dict.crend();
-            for (auto iter = dict.crbegin(); iter != end; ++iter) {
-                std::string const& key = iter->first;
-                QPDFObjectHandle const& value = iter->second;
-                if (!value.null()) {
-                    if (key == "/Length") {
-                        // omit stream lengths
-                        if (value.isIndirect()) {
-                            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF exclude indirect length");
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        queue.emplace_back(value);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        } else if (obj.isDictionary()) {
-            auto dict = obj.as_dictionary();
-            auto end = dict.crend();
-            for (auto iter = dict.crbegin(); iter != end; ++iter) {
-                if (!iter->second.null()) {
-                    queue.emplace_back(iter->second);
-                }
-            }
-        } else if (auto items = obj.as_array()) {
-            queue.insert(queue.end(), items.crbegin(), items.crend());
-        }
-    }
-
-    return result;
-}
-
 bool
 QPDF::pipeStreamData(
     std::shared_ptr<EncryptionParameters> encp,
+#include <qpdf/qpdf-config.h> // include first for large file support
+
+#include <qpdf/QPDF_private.hh>
+
+#include <array>
+#include <atomic>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <limits>
+#include <map>
+#include <regex>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <qpdf/BufferInputSource.hh>
+#include <qpdf/FileInputSource.hh>
+#include <qpdf/InputSource_private.hh>
+#include <qpdf/OffsetInputSource.hh>
+#include <qpdf/Pipeline.hh>
+#include <qpdf/QPDFExc.hh>
+#include <qpdf/QPDFLogger.hh>
+#include <qpdf/QPDFObjectHandle_private.hh>
+#include <qpdf/QPDFObject_private.hh>
+#include <qpdf/QPDFParser.hh>
+#include <qpdf/QTC.hh>
+#include <qpdf/QUtil.hh>
+#include <qpdf/Util.hh>
+
+using namespace qpdf;
+using namespace std::literals;
+
+namespace
+{
+    class InvalidInputSource: public InputSource
+    {
+      public:
+        ~InvalidInputSource() override = default;
+        qpdf_offset_t
+        findAndSkipNextEOL() override
+        {
+            throwException();
+            return 0;
+        }
+        std::string const&
+        getName() const override
+        {
+            static std::string name("closed input source");
+            return name;
+        }
+        qpdf_offset_t
+        tell() override
+        {
+            throwException();
+            return 0;
+        }
+        void
+        seek(qpdf_offset_t offset, int whence) override
+        {
+            throwException();
+        }
+        void
+        rewind() override
+        {
+            throwException();
+        }
+        size_t
+        read(char* buffer, size_t length) override
+        {
+            throwException();
+            return 0;
+        }
+        void
+        unreadCh(char ch) override
+        {
+            throwException();
+        }
+
+      private:
+        void
+        throwException()
+        {
+            throw std::logic_error(
+                "QPDF operation attempted on a QPDF object with no input "
+                "source. QPDF operations are invalid before processFile (or "
+                "another process method) or after closeInputSource");
+        }
+    };
+} // namespace
+
+bool
+QPDF::findStartxref()
+{
+    if (readToken(*m->file).isWord("startxref") && readToken(*m->file).isInteger()) {
+        // Position in front of offset token
+        m->file->seek(m->file->getLastOffset(), SEEK_SET);
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+void
+QPDF::parse(char const* password)
+{
+    if (password) {
+        m->encp->provided_password = password;
+    }
+
+    // Find the header anywhere in the first 1024 bytes of the file.
+    PatternFinder hf(*this, &QPDF::findHeader);
+    if (!m->file->findFirst("%PDF-", 0, 1024, hf)) {
+        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF not a pdf file");
+        warn(damagedPDF("", 0, "can't find PDF header"));
+        // QPDFWriter writes files that usually require at least version 1.2 for /FlateDecode
+        m->pdf_version = "1.2";
+    }
+
+    // PDF spec says %%EOF must be found within the last 1024 bytes of/ the file.  We add an extra
+    // 30 characters to leave room for the startxref stuff.
+    m->file->seek(0, SEEK_END);
+    qpdf_offset_t end_offset = m->file->tell();
+    m->xref_table_max_offset = end_offset;
+    // Sanity check on object ids. All objects must appear in xref table / stream. In all realistic
+    // scenarios at least 3 bytes are required.
+    if (m->xref_table_max_id > m->xref_table_max_offset / 3) {
+        m->xref_table_max_id = static_cast<int>(m->xref_table_max_offset / 3);
+    }
+    qpdf_offset_t start_offset = (end_offset > 1054 ? end_offset - 1054 : 0);
+    PatternFinder sf(*this, &QPDF::findStartxref);
+    qpdf_offset_t xref_offset = 0;
+    if (m->file->findLast("startxref", start_offset, 0, sf)) {
+        xref_offset = QUtil::string_to_ll(readToken(*m->file).getValue().c_str());
+    }
+
+    try {
+        if (xref_offset == 0) {
+            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF can't find startxref");
+            throw damagedPDF("", 0, "can't find startxref");
+        }
+        try {
+            read_xref(xref_offset);
+        } catch (QPDFExc&) {
+            throw;
+        } catch (std::exception& e) {
+            throw damagedPDF("", 0, std::string("error reading xref: ") + e.what());
+        }
+    } catch (QPDFExc& e) {
+        if (m->attempt_recovery) {
+            reconstruct_xref(e, xref_offset > 0);
+            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF reconstructed xref table");
+        } else {
+            throw;
+        }
+    }
+
+    initializeEncryption();
+    m->parsed = true;
+    if (m->xref_table.size() > 0 && !getRoot().getKey("/Pages").isDictionary()) {
+        // QPDFs created from JSON have an empty xref table and no root object yet.
+        throw damagedPDF("", 0, "unable to find page tree");
+    }
+}
+
+void
+QPDF::inParse(bool v)
+{
+    if (m->in_parse == v) {
+        // This happens if QPDFParser::parse tries to resolve an indirect object while it is
+        // parsing.
+        throw std::logic_error(
+            "QPDF: re-entrant parsing detected. This is a qpdf bug."
+            " Please report at https://github.com/qpdf/qpdf/issues.");
+    }
+    m->in_parse = v;
+}
+
+void
+QPDF::setTrailer(QPDFObjectHandle obj)
+{
+    if (m->trailer) {
+        return;
+    }
+    m->trailer = obj;
+}
+
+void
+QPDF::reconstruct_xref(QPDFExc& e, bool found_startxref)
+{
+    if (m->reconstructed_xref) {
+        // Avoid xref reconstruction infinite loops. This is getting very hard to reproduce because
+        // qpdf is throwing many fewer exceptions while parsing. Most situations are warnings now.
+        throw e;
+    }
+
+    // If recovery generates more than 1000 warnings, the file is so severely damaged that there
+    // probably is no point trying to continue.
+    const auto max_warnings = m->warnings.size() + 1000U;
+    auto check_warnings = [this, max_warnings]() {
+        if (m->warnings.size() > max_warnings) {
+            throw damagedPDF("", 0, "too many errors while reconstructing cross-reference table");
+        }
+    };
+
+    m->reconstructed_xref = true;
+    // We may find more objects, which may contain dangling references.
+    m->fixed_dangling_refs = false;
+
+    warn(damagedPDF("", 0, "file is damaged"));
+    warn(e);
+    warn(damagedPDF("", 0, "Attempting to reconstruct cross-reference table"));
+
+    // Delete all references to type 1 (uncompressed) objects
+    std::vector<QPDFObjGen> to_delete;
+    for (auto const& iter: m->xref_table) {
+        if (iter.second.getType() == 1) {
+            to_delete.emplace_back(iter.first);
+        }
+    }
+    for (auto const& iter: to_delete) {
+        m->xref_table.erase(iter);
+    }
+
+    std::vector<std::tuple<int, int, qpdf_offset_t>> found_objects;
+    std::vector<qpdf_offset_t> trailers;
+    std::vector<qpdf_offset_t> startxrefs;
+
+    m->file->seek(0, SEEK_END);
+    qpdf_offset_t eof = m->file->tell();
+    m->file->seek(0, SEEK_SET);
+    // Don't allow very long tokens here during recovery. All the interesting tokens are covered.
+    static size_t const MAX_LEN = 10;
+    while (m->file->tell() < eof) {
+        QPDFTokenizer::Token t1 = readToken(*m->file, MAX_LEN);
+        qpdf_offset_t token_start = m->file->tell() - toO(t1.getValue().length());
+        if (t1.isInteger()) {
+            auto pos = m->file->tell();
+            auto t2 = readToken(*m->file, MAX_LEN);
+            if (t2.isInteger() && readToken(*m->file, MAX_LEN).isWord("obj")) {
+                int obj = QUtil::string_to_int(t1.getValue().c_str());
+                int gen = QUtil::string_to_int(t2.getValue().c_str());
+                if (obj <= m->xref_table_max_id) {
+                    found_objects.emplace_back(obj, gen, token_start);
+                } else {
+                    warn(damagedPDF(
+                        "", 0, "ignoring object with impossibly large id " + std::to_string(obj)));
+                }
+            }
+            m->file->seek(pos, SEEK_SET);
+        } else if (!m->trailer && t1.isWord("trailer")) {
+            trailers.emplace_back(m->file->tell());
+        } else if (!found_startxref && t1.isWord("startxref")) {
+            startxrefs.emplace_back(m->file->tell());
+        }
+        check_warnings();
+        m->file->findAndSkipNextEOL();
+    }
+
+    if (!found_startxref && !startxrefs.empty() && !found_objects.empty() &&
+        startxrefs.back() > std::get<2>(found_objects.back())) {
+        try {
+            m->file->seek(startxrefs.back(), SEEK_SET);
+            if (auto offset = QUtil::string_to_ll(readToken(*m->file).getValue().data())) {
+                read_xref(offset);
+                if (getRoot().getKey("/Pages").isDictionary()) {
+                    QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF startxref more than 1024 before end");
+                    warn(
+                        damagedPDF("", 0, "startxref was more than 1024 bytes before end of file"));
+                    initializeEncryption();
+                    m->parsed = true;
+                    m->reconstructed_xref = false;
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (...) {
+            // ok, bad luck. Do recovery.
+        }
+    }
+
+    auto rend = found_objects.rend();
+    for (auto it = found_objects.rbegin(); it != rend; it++) {
+        auto [obj, gen, token_start] = *it;
+        insertXrefEntry(obj, 1, token_start, gen);
+        check_warnings();
+    }
+    m->deleted_objects.clear();
+
+    for (auto it = trailers.rbegin(); it != trailers.rend(); it++) {
+        m->file->seek(*it, SEEK_SET);
+        auto t = readTrailer();
+        if (!t.isDictionary()) {
+            // Oh well.  It was worth a try.
+        } else {
+            if (t.hasKey("/Root")) {
+                m->trailer = t;
+                break;
+            }
+            warn(damagedPDF("trailer", *it, "recovered trailer has no /Root entry"));
+        }
+        check_warnings();
+    }
+
+    if (!m->trailer) {
+        qpdf_offset_t max_offset{0};
+        size_t max_size{0};
+        // If there are any xref streams, take the last one to appear.
+        for (auto const& iter: m->xref_table) {
+            auto entry = iter.second;
+            if (entry.getType() != 1) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            auto oh = getObject(iter.first);
+            try {
+                if (!oh.isStreamOfType("/XRef")) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+            } catch (std::exception&) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            auto offset = entry.getOffset();
+            auto size = oh.getDict().getKey("/Size").getUIntValueAsUInt();
+            if (size > max_size || (size == max_size && offset > max_offset)) {
+                max_offset = offset;
+                setTrailer(oh.getDict());
+            }
+            check_warnings();
+        }
+        if (max_offset > 0) {
+            try {
+                read_xref(max_offset);
+            } catch (std::exception&) {
+                warn(damagedPDF(
+                    "", 0, "error decoding candidate xref stream while recovering damaged file"));
+            }
+            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF recover xref stream");
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!m->trailer || (!m->parsed && !m->trailer.getKey("/Root").isDictionary())) {
+        // Try to find a Root dictionary. As a quick fix try the one with the highest object id.
+        QPDFObjectHandle root;
+        for (auto const& iter: m->obj_cache) {
+            try {
+                if (QPDFObjectHandle(iter.second.object).isDictionaryOfType("/Catalog")) {
+                    root = iter.second.object;
+                }
+            } catch (std::exception&) {
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+        if (root) {
+            if (!m->trailer) {
+                warn(damagedPDF(
+                    "", 0, "unable to find trailer dictionary while recovering damaged file"));
+                m->trailer = QPDFObjectHandle::newDictionary();
+            }
+            m->trailer.replaceKey("/Root", root);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!m->trailer) {
+        // We could check the last encountered object to see if it was an xref stream.  If so, we
+        // could try to get the trailer from there.  This may make it possible to recover files with
+        // bad startxref pointers even when they have object streams.
+
+        throw damagedPDF("", 0, "unable to find trailer dictionary while recovering damaged file");
+    }
+    if (m->xref_table.empty()) {
+        // We cannot check for an empty xref table in parse because empty tables are valid when
+        // creating QPDF objects from JSON.
+        throw damagedPDF("", 0, "unable to find objects while recovering damaged file");
+    }
+    check_warnings();
+    if (!m->parsed) {
+        m->parsed = true;
+        getAllPages();
+        check_warnings();
+        if (m->all_pages.empty()) {
+            m->parsed = false;
+            throw damagedPDF("", 0, "unable to find any pages while recovering damaged file");
+        }
+    }
+    // We could iterate through the objects looking for streams and try to find objects inside of
+    // them, but it's probably not worth the trouble.  Acrobat can't recover files with any errors
+    // in an xref stream, and this would be a real long shot anyway.  If we wanted to do anything
+    // that involved looking at stream contents, we'd also have to call initializeEncryption() here.
+    // It's safe to call it more than once.
+}
+
+void
+QPDF::read_xref(qpdf_offset_t xref_offset)
+{
+    std::map<int, int> free_table;
+    std::set<qpdf_offset_t> visited;
+    while (xref_offset) {
+        visited.insert(xref_offset);
+        char buf[7];
+        memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
+        m->file->seek(xref_offset, SEEK_SET);
+        // Some files miss the mark a little with startxref. We could do a better job of searching
+        // in the neighborhood for something that looks like either an xref table or stream, but the
+        // simple heuristic of skipping whitespace can help with the xref table case and is harmless
+        // with the stream case.
+        bool done = false;
+        bool skipped_space = false;
+        while (!done) {
+            char ch;
+            if (1 == m->file->read(&ch, 1)) {
+                if (util::is_space(ch)) {
+                    skipped_space = true;
+                } else {
+                    m->file->unreadCh(ch);
+                    done = true;
+                }
+            } else {
+                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF eof skipping spaces before xref", skipped_space ? 0 : 1);
+                done = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        m->file->read(buf, sizeof(buf) - 1);
+        // The PDF spec says xref must be followed by a line terminator, but files exist in the wild
+        // where it is terminated by arbitrary whitespace.
+        if ((strncmp(buf, "xref", 4) == 0) && util::is_space(buf[4])) {
+            if (skipped_space) {
+                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF xref skipped space");
+                warn(damagedPDF("", 0, "extraneous whitespace seen before xref"));
+            }
+            QTC::TC(
+                "qpdf",
+                "QPDF xref space",
+                ((buf[4] == '\n')       ? 0
+                     : (buf[4] == '\r') ? 1
+                     : (buf[4] == ' ')  ? 2
+                                        : 9999));
+            int skip = 4;
+            // buf is null-terminated, and util::is_space('\0') is false, so this won't overrun.
+            while (util::is_space(buf[skip])) {
+                ++skip;
+            }
+            xref_offset = read_xrefTable(xref_offset + skip);
+        } else {
+            xref_offset = read_xrefStream(xref_offset);
+        }
+        if (visited.count(xref_offset) != 0) {
+            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF xref loop");
+            throw damagedPDF("", 0, "loop detected following xref tables");
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!m->trailer) {
+        throw damagedPDF("", 0, "unable to find trailer while reading xref");
+    }
+    int size = m->trailer.getKey("/Size").getIntValueAsInt();
+    int max_obj = 0;
+    if (!m->xref_table.empty()) {
+        max_obj = m->xref_table.rbegin()->first.getObj();
+    }
+    if (!m->deleted_objects.empty()) {
+        max_obj = std::max(max_obj, *(m->deleted_objects.rbegin()));
+    }
+    if ((size < 1) || (size - 1 != max_obj)) {
+        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF xref size mismatch");
+        warn(damagedPDF(
+            "",
+            0,
+            ("reported number of objects (" + std::to_string(size) +
+             ") is not one plus the highest object number (" + std::to_string(max_obj) + ")")));
+    }
+
+    // We no longer need the deleted_objects table, so go ahead and clear it out to make sure we
+    // never depend on its being set.
+    m->deleted_objects.clear();
+
+    // Make sure we keep only the highest generation for any object.
+    QPDFObjGen last_og{-1, 0};
+    for (auto const& item: m->xref_table) {
+        auto id = item.first.getObj();
+        if (id == last_og.getObj() && id > 0) {
+            removeObject(last_og);
+        }
+        last_og = item.first;
+    }
+}
+
+bool
+QPDF::parse_xrefFirst(std::string const& line, int& obj, int& num, int& bytes)
+{
+    // is_space and is_digit both return false on '\0', so this will not overrun the null-terminated
+    // buffer.
+    char const* p = line.c_str();
+    char const* start = line.c_str();
+
+    // Skip zero or more spaces
+    while (util::is_space(*p)) {
+        ++p;
+    }
+    // Require digit
+    if (!util::is_digit(*p)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    // Gather digits
+    std::string obj_str;
+    while (util::is_digit(*p)) {
+        obj_str.append(1, *p++);
+    }
+    // Require space
+    if (!util::is_space(*p)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    // Skip spaces
+    while (util::is_space(*p)) {
+        ++p;
+    }
+    // Require digit
+    if (!util::is_digit(*p)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    // Gather digits
+    std::string num_str;
+    while (util::is_digit(*p)) {
+        num_str.append(1, *p++);
+    }
+    // Skip any space including line terminators
+    while (util::is_space(*p)) {
+        ++p;
+    }
+    bytes = toI(p - start);
+    obj = QUtil::string_to_int(obj_str.c_str());
+    num = QUtil::string_to_int(num_str.c_str());
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool
+QPDF::read_bad_xrefEntry(qpdf_offset_t& f1, int& f2, char& type)
+{
+    // Reposition after initial read attempt and reread.
+    m->file->seek(m->file->getLastOffset(), SEEK_SET);
+    auto line = m->file->readLine(30);
+
+    // is_space and is_digit both return false on '\0', so this will not overrun the null-terminated
+    // buffer.
+    char const* p = line.data();
+
+    // Skip zero or more spaces. There aren't supposed to be any.
+    bool invalid = false;
+    while (util::is_space(*p)) {
+        ++p;
+        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF ignore first space in xref entry");
+        invalid = true;
+    }
+    // Require digit
+    if (!util::is_digit(*p)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    // Gather digits
+    std::string f1_str;
+    while (util::is_digit(*p)) {
+        f1_str.append(1, *p++);
+    }
+    // Require space
+    if (!util::is_space(*p)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (util::is_space(*(p + 1))) {
+        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF ignore first extra space in xref entry");
+        invalid = true;
+    }
+    // Skip spaces
+    while (util::is_space(*p)) {
+        ++p;
+    }
+    // Require digit
+    if (!util::is_digit(*p)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    // Gather digits
+    std::string f2_str;
+    while (util::is_digit(*p)) {
+        f2_str.append(1, *p++);
+    }
+    // Require space
+    if (!util::is_space(*p)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (util::is_space(*(p + 1))) {
+        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF ignore second extra space in xref entry");
+        invalid = true;
+    }
+    // Skip spaces
+    while (util::is_space(*p)) {
+        ++p;
+    }
+    if ((*p == 'f') || (*p == 'n')) {
+        type = *p;
+    } else {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if ((f1_str.length() != 10) || (f2_str.length() != 5)) {
+        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF ignore length error xref entry");
+        invalid = true;
+    }
+
+    if (invalid) {
+        warn(damagedPDF("xref table", "accepting invalid xref table entry"));
+    }
+
+    f1 = QUtil::string_to_ll(f1_str.c_str());
+    f2 = QUtil::string_to_int(f2_str.c_str());
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+// Optimistically read and parse xref entry. If entry is bad, call read_bad_xrefEntry and return
+// result.
+bool
+QPDF::read_xrefEntry(qpdf_offset_t& f1, int& f2, char& type)
+{
+    std::array<char, 21> line;
+    if (m->file->read(line.data(), 20) != 20) {
+        // C++20: [[unlikely]]
+        return false;
+    }
+    line[20] = '\0';
+    char const* p = line.data();
+
+    int f1_len = 0;
+    int f2_len = 0;
+
+    // is_space and is_digit both return false on '\0', so this will not overrun the null-terminated
+    // buffer.
+
+    // Gather f1 digits. NB No risk of overflow as 9'999'999'999 < max long long.
+    while (*p == '0') {
+        ++f1_len;
+        ++p;
+    }
+    while (util::is_digit(*p) && f1_len++ < 10) {
+        f1 *= 10;
+        f1 += *p++ - '0';
+    }
+    // Require space
+    if (!util::is_space(*p++)) {
+        // Entry doesn't start with space or digit.
+        // C++20: [[unlikely]]
+        return false;
+    }
+    // Gather digits. NB No risk of overflow as 99'999 < max int.
+    while (*p == '0') {
+        ++f2_len;
+        ++p;
+    }
+    while (util::is_digit(*p) && f2_len++ < 5) {
+        f2 *= 10;
+        f2 += static_cast<int>(*p++ - '0');
+    }
+    if (util::is_space(*p++) && (*p == 'f' || *p == 'n')) {
+        // C++20: [[likely]]
+        type = *p;
+        // No test for valid line[19].
+        if (*(++p) && *(++p) && (*p == '\n' || *p == '\r') && f1_len == 10 && f2_len == 5) {
+            // C++20: [[likely]]
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    return read_bad_xrefEntry(f1, f2, type);
+}
+
+// Read a single cross-reference table section and associated trailer.
+qpdf_offset_t
+QPDF::read_xrefTable(qpdf_offset_t xref_offset)
+{
+    m->file->seek(xref_offset, SEEK_SET);
+    std::string line;
+    while (true) {
+        line.assign(50, '\0');
+        m->file->read(line.data(), line.size());
+        int obj = 0;
+        int num = 0;
+        int bytes = 0;
+        if (!parse_xrefFirst(line, obj, num, bytes)) {
+            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF invalid xref");
+            throw damagedPDF("xref table", "xref syntax invalid");
+        }
+        m->file->seek(m->file->getLastOffset() + bytes, SEEK_SET);
+        for (qpdf_offset_t i = obj; i - num < obj; ++i) {
+            if (i == 0) {
+                // This is needed by checkLinearization()
+                m->first_xref_item_offset = m->file->tell();
+            }
+            // For xref_table, these will always be small enough to be ints
+            qpdf_offset_t f1 = 0;
+            int f2 = 0;
+            char type = '\0';
+            if (!read_xrefEntry(f1, f2, type)) {
+                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF invalid xref entry");
+                throw damagedPDF(
+                    "xref table", "invalid xref entry (obj=" + std::to_string(i) + ")");
+            }
+            if (type == 'f') {
+                insertFreeXrefEntry(QPDFObjGen(toI(i), f2));
+            } else {
+                insertXrefEntry(toI(i), 1, f1, f2);
+            }
+        }
+        qpdf_offset_t pos = m->file->tell();
+        if (readToken(*m->file).isWord("trailer")) {
+            break;
+        } else {
+            m->file->seek(pos, SEEK_SET);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Set offset to previous xref table if any
+    QPDFObjectHandle cur_trailer = readTrailer();
+    if (!cur_trailer.isDictionary()) {
+        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF missing trailer");
+        throw damagedPDF("", "expected trailer dictionary");
+    }
+
+    if (!m->trailer) {
+        setTrailer(cur_trailer);
+
+        if (!m->trailer.hasKey("/Size")) {
+            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF trailer lacks size");
+            throw damagedPDF("trailer", "trailer dictionary lacks /Size key");
+        }
+        if (!m->trailer.getKey("/Size").isInteger()) {
+            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF trailer size not integer");
+            throw damagedPDF("trailer", "/Size key in trailer dictionary is not an integer");
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (cur_trailer.hasKey("/XRefStm")) {
+        if (m->ignore_xref_streams) {
+            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF ignoring XRefStm in trailer");
+        } else {
+            if (cur_trailer.getKey("/XRefStm").isInteger()) {
+                // Read the xref stream but disregard any return value -- we'll use our trailer's
+                // /Prev key instead of the xref stream's.
+                (void)read_xrefStream(cur_trailer.getKey("/XRefStm").getIntValue());
+            } else {
+                throw damagedPDF("xref stream", xref_offset, "invalid /XRefStm");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (cur_trailer.hasKey("/Prev")) {
+        if (!cur_trailer.getKey("/Prev").isInteger()) {
+            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF trailer prev not integer");
+            throw damagedPDF("trailer", "/Prev key in trailer dictionary is not an integer");
+        }
+        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF prev key in trailer dictionary");
+        return cur_trailer.getKey("/Prev").getIntValue();
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+// Read a single cross-reference stream.
+qpdf_offset_t
+QPDF::read_xrefStream(qpdf_offset_t xref_offset)
+{
+    if (!m->ignore_xref_streams) {
+        QPDFObjGen x_og;
+        QPDFObjectHandle xref_obj;
+        try {
+            xref_obj =
+                readObjectAtOffset(false, xref_offset, "xref stream", QPDFObjGen(0, 0), x_og, true);
+        } catch (QPDFExc&) {
+            // ignore -- report error below
+        }
+        if (xref_obj.isStreamOfType("/XRef")) {
+            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF found xref stream");
+            return processXRefStream(xref_offset, xref_obj);
+        }
+    }
+
+    QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF can't find xref");
+    throw damagedPDF("", xref_offset, "xref not found");
+    return 0; // unreachable
+}
+
+// Return the entry size of the xref stream and the processed W array.
+std::pair<int, std::array<int, 3>>
+QPDF::processXRefW(QPDFObjectHandle& dict, std::function<QPDFExc(std::string_view)> damaged)
+{
+    auto W_obj = dict.getKey("/W");
+    if (!(W_obj.isArray() && (W_obj.getArrayNItems() >= 3) && W_obj.getArrayItem(0).isInteger() &&
+          W_obj.getArrayItem(1).isInteger() && W_obj.getArrayItem(2).isInteger())) {
+        throw damaged("Cross-reference stream does not have a proper /W key");
+    }
+
+    std::array<int, 3> W;
+    int entry_size = 0;
+    auto w_vector = W_obj.getArrayAsVector();
+    int max_bytes = sizeof(qpdf_offset_t);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
+        W[i] = w_vector[i].getIntValueAsInt();
+        if (W[i] > max_bytes) {
+            throw damaged("Cross-reference stream's /W contains impossibly large values");
+        }
+        if (W[i] < 0) {
+            throw damaged("Cross-reference stream's /W contains negative values");
+        }
+        entry_size += W[i];
+    }
+    if (entry_size == 0) {
+        throw damaged("Cross-reference stream's /W indicates entry size of 0");
+    }
+    return {entry_size, W};
+}
+
+// Validate Size key and return the maximum number of entries that the xref stream can contain.
+int
+QPDF::processXRefSize(
+    QPDFObjectHandle& dict, int entry_size, std::function<QPDFExc(std::string_view)> damaged)
+{
+    // Number of entries is limited by the highest possible object id and stream size.
+    auto max_num_entries = std::numeric_limits<int>::max();
+    if (max_num_entries > (std::numeric_limits<qpdf_offset_t>::max() / entry_size)) {
+        max_num_entries = toI(std::numeric_limits<qpdf_offset_t>::max() / entry_size);
+    }
+
+    auto Size_obj = dict.getKey("/Size");
+    long long size;
+    if (!dict.getKey("/Size").getValueAsInt(size)) {
+        throw damaged("Cross-reference stream does not have a proper /Size key");
+    } else if (size < 0) {
+        throw damaged("Cross-reference stream has a negative /Size key");
+    } else if (size >= max_num_entries) {
+        throw damaged("Cross-reference stream has an impossibly large /Size key");
+    }
+    // We are not validating that Size <= (Size key of parent xref / trailer).
+    return max_num_entries;
+}
+
+// Return the number of entries of the xref stream and the processed Index array.
+std::pair<int, std::vector<std::pair<int, int>>>
+QPDF::processXRefIndex(
+    QPDFObjectHandle& dict, int max_num_entries, std::function<QPDFExc(std::string_view)> damaged)
+{
+    auto size = dict.getKey("/Size").getIntValueAsInt();
+    auto Index_obj = dict.getKey("/Index");
+
+    if (Index_obj.isArray()) {
+        std::vector<std::pair<int, int>> indx;
+        int num_entries = 0;
+        auto index_vec = Index_obj.getArrayAsVector();
+        if ((index_vec.size() % 2) || index_vec.size() < 2) {
+            throw damaged("Cross-reference stream's /Index has an invalid number of values");
+        }
+
+        int i = 0;
+        long long first = 0;
+        for (auto& val: index_vec) {
+            if (val.isInteger()) {
+                if (i % 2) {
+                    auto count = val.getIntValue();
+                    if (count <= 0) {
+                        throw damaged(
+                            "Cross-reference stream section claims to contain " +
+                            std::to_string(count) + " entries");
+                    }
+                    // We are guarding against the possibility of num_entries * entry_size
+                    // overflowing. We are not checking that entries are in ascending order as
+                    // required by the spec, which probably should generate a warning. We are also
+                    // not checking that for each subsection first object number + number of entries
+                    // <= /Size. The spec requires us to ignore object number > /Size.
+                    if (first > (max_num_entries - count) ||
+                        count > (max_num_entries - num_entries)) {
+                        throw damaged(
+                            "Cross-reference stream claims to contain too many entries: " +
+                            std::to_string(first) + " " + std::to_string(max_num_entries) + " " +
+                            std::to_string(num_entries));
+                    }
+                    indx.emplace_back(static_cast<int>(first), static_cast<int>(count));
+                    num_entries += static_cast<int>(count);
+                } else {
+                    first = val.getIntValue();
+                    if (first < 0) {
+                        throw damaged(
+                            "Cross-reference stream's /Index contains a negative object id");
+                    } else if (first > max_num_entries) {
+                        throw damaged(
+                            "Cross-reference stream's /Index contains an impossibly "
+                            "large object id");
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                throw damaged(
+                    "Cross-reference stream's /Index's item " + std::to_string(i) +
+                    " is not an integer");
+            }
+            i++;
+        }
+        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF xref /Index is array", index_vec.size() == 2 ? 0 : 1);
+        return {num_entries, indx};
+    } else if (Index_obj.isNull()) {
+        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF xref /Index is null");
+        return {size, {{0, size}}};
+    } else {
+        throw damaged("Cross-reference stream does not have a proper /Index key");
+    }
+}
+
+qpdf_offset_t
+QPDF::processXRefStream(qpdf_offset_t xref_offset, QPDFObjectHandle& xref_obj)
+{
+    auto damaged = [this, xref_offset](std::string_view msg) -> QPDFExc {
+        return damagedPDF("xref stream", xref_offset, msg.data());
+    };
+
+    auto dict = xref_obj.getDict();
+
+    auto [entry_size, W] = processXRefW(dict, damaged);
+    int max_num_entries = processXRefSize(dict, entry_size, damaged);
+    auto [num_entries, indx] = processXRefIndex(dict, max_num_entries, damaged);
+
+    std::shared_ptr<Buffer> bp = xref_obj.getStreamData(qpdf_dl_specialized);
+    size_t actual_size = bp->getSize();
+    auto expected_size = toS(entry_size) * toS(num_entries);
+
+    if (expected_size != actual_size) {
+        QPDFExc x = damaged(
+            "Cross-reference stream data has the wrong size; expected = " +
+            std::to_string(expected_size) + "; actual = " + std::to_string(actual_size));
+        if (expected_size > actual_size) {
+            throw x;
+        } else {
+            warn(x);
+        }
+    }
+
+    bool saw_first_compressed_object = false;
+
+    // Actual size vs. expected size check above ensures that we will not overflow any buffers here.
+    // We know that entry_size * num_entries is less or equal to the size of the buffer.
+    auto p = bp->getBuffer();
+    for (auto [obj, sec_entries]: indx) {
+        // Process a subsection.
+        for (int i = 0; i < sec_entries; ++i) {
+            // Read this entry
+            std::array<qpdf_offset_t, 3> fields{};
+            if (W[0] == 0) {
+                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF default for xref stream field 0");
+                fields[0] = 1;
+            }
+            for (size_t j = 0; j < 3; ++j) {
+                for (int k = 0; k < W[j]; ++k) {
+                    fields[j] <<= 8;
+                    fields[j] |= *p++;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Get the generation number.  The generation number is 0 unless this is an uncompressed
+            // object record, in which case the generation number appears as the third field.
+            if (saw_first_compressed_object) {
+                if (fields[0] != 2) {
+                    m->uncompressed_after_compressed = true;
+                }
+            } else if (fields[0] == 2) {
+                saw_first_compressed_object = true;
+            }
+            if (obj == 0) {
+                // This is needed by checkLinearization()
+                m->first_xref_item_offset = xref_offset;
+            } else if (fields[0] == 0) {
+                // Ignore fields[2], which we don't care about in this case. This works around the
+                // issue of some PDF files that put invalid values, like -1, here for deleted
+                // objects.
+                insertFreeXrefEntry(QPDFObjGen(obj, 0));
+            } else {
+                insertXrefEntry(obj, toI(fields[0]), fields[1], toI(fields[2]));
+            }
+            ++obj;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!m->trailer) {
+        setTrailer(dict);
+    }
+
+    if (dict.hasKey("/Prev")) {
+        if (!dict.getKey("/Prev").isInteger()) {
+            throw damagedPDF(
+                "xref stream", "/Prev key in xref stream dictionary is not an integer");
+        }
+        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF prev key in xref stream dictionary");
+        return dict.getKey("/Prev").getIntValue();
+    } else {
+        return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+void
+QPDF::insertXrefEntry(int obj, int f0, qpdf_offset_t f1, int f2)
+{
+    // Populate the xref table in such a way that the first reference to an object that we see,
+    // which is the one in the latest xref table in which it appears, is the one that gets stored.
+    // This works because we are reading more recent appends before older ones.
+
+    // If there is already an entry for this object and generation in the table, it means that a
+    // later xref table has registered this object.  Disregard this one.
+    int new_gen = f0 == 2 ? 0 : f2;
+
+    if (!(obj > 0 && obj <= m->xref_table_max_id && 0 <= f2 && new_gen < 65535)) {
+        // We are ignoring invalid objgens. Most will arrive here from xref reconstruction. There
+        // is probably no point having another warning but we could count invalid items in order to
+        // decide when to give up.
+        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF xref overwrite invalid objgen");
+        // ignore impossibly large object ids or object ids > Size.
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (m->deleted_objects.count(obj)) {
+        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF xref deleted object");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (f0 == 2 && static_cast<int>(f1) == obj) {
+        warn(damagedPDF("xref stream", "self-referential object stream " + std::to_string(obj)));
+        return;
+    }
+
+    auto [iter, created] = m->xref_table.try_emplace(QPDFObjGen(obj, (f0 == 2 ? 0 : f2)));
+    if (!created) {
+        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF xref reused object");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    switch (f0) {
+    case 1:
+        // f2 is generation
+        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF xref gen > 0", ((f2 > 0) ? 1 : 0));
+        iter->second = QPDFXRefEntry(f1);
+        break;
+
+    case 2:
+        iter->second = QPDFXRefEntry(toI(f1), f2);
+        break;
+
+    default:
+        throw damagedPDF("xref stream", "unknown xref stream entry type " + std::to_string(f0));
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+void
+QPDF::insertFreeXrefEntry(QPDFObjGen og)
+{
+    if (!m->xref_table.count(og)) {
+        m->deleted_objects.insert(og.getObj());
+    }
+}
+
+void
+QPDF::showXRefTable()
+{
+    auto& cout = *m->log->getInfo();
+    for (auto const& iter: m->xref_table) {
+        QPDFObjGen const& og = iter.first;
+        QPDFXRefEntry const& entry = iter.second;
+        cout << og.unparse('/') << ": ";
+        switch (entry.getType()) {
+        case 1:
+            cout << "uncompressed; offset = " << entry.getOffset();
+            break;
+
+        case 2:
+            *m->log->getInfo() << "compressed; stream = " << entry.getObjStreamNumber()
+                               << ", index = " << entry.getObjStreamIndex();
+            break;
+
+        default:
+            throw std::logic_error("unknown cross-reference table type while showing xref_table");
+            break;
+        }
+        m->log->info("\n");
+    }
+}
+
+// Resolve all objects in the xref table. If this triggers a xref table reconstruction abort and
+// return false. Otherwise return true.
+bool
+QPDF::resolveXRefTable()
+{
+    bool may_change = !m->reconstructed_xref;
+    for (auto& iter: m->xref_table) {
+        if (isUnresolved(iter.first)) {
+            resolve(iter.first);
+            if (may_change && m->reconstructed_xref) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+// Ensure all objects in the pdf file, including those in indirect references, appear in the object
+// cache.
+void
+QPDF::fixDanglingReferences(bool force)
+{
+    if (m->fixed_dangling_refs) {
+        return;
+    }
+    if (!resolveXRefTable()) {
+        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF fix dangling triggered xref reconstruction");
+        resolveXRefTable();
+    }
+    m->fixed_dangling_refs = true;
+}
+
+size_t
+QPDF::getObjectCount()
+{
+    // This method returns the next available indirect object number. makeIndirectObject uses it for
+    // this purpose. After fixDanglingReferences is called, all objects in the xref table will also
+    // be in obj_cache.
+    fixDanglingReferences();
+    QPDFObjGen og;
+    if (!m->obj_cache.empty()) {
+        og = (*(m->obj_cache.rbegin())).first;
+    }
+    return toS(og.getObj());
+}
+
+std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>
+QPDF::getAllObjects()
+{
+    // After fixDanglingReferences is called, all objects are in the object cache.
+    fixDanglingReferences();
+    std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> result;
+    for (auto const& iter: m->obj_cache) {
+        result.push_back(newIndirect(iter.first, iter.second.object));
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+void
+QPDF::setLastObjectDescription(std::string const& description, QPDFObjGen og)
+{
+    m->last_object_description.clear();
+    if (!description.empty()) {
+        m->last_object_description += description;
+        if (og.isIndirect()) {
+            m->last_object_description += ": ";
+        }
+    }
+    if (og.isIndirect()) {
+        m->last_object_description += "object " + og.unparse(' ');
+    }
+}
+
+QPDFObjectHandle
+QPDF::readTrailer()
+{
+    qpdf_offset_t offset = m->file->tell();
+    bool empty = false;
+    auto object =
+        QPDFParser(*m->file, "trailer", m->tokenizer, nullptr, this, true).parse(empty, false);
+    if (empty) {
+        // Nothing in the PDF spec appears to allow empty objects, but they have been encountered in
+        // actual PDF files and Adobe Reader appears to ignore them.
+        warn(damagedPDF("trailer", "empty object treated as null"));
+    } else if (object.isDictionary() && readToken(*m->file).isWord("stream")) {
+        warn(damagedPDF("trailer", m->file->tell(), "stream keyword found in trailer"));
+    }
+    // Override last_offset so that it points to the beginning of the object we just read
+    m->file->setLastOffset(offset);
+    return object;
+}
+
+QPDFObjectHandle
+QPDF::readObject(std::string const& description, QPDFObjGen og)
+{
+    setLastObjectDescription(description, og);
+    qpdf_offset_t offset = m->file->tell();
+    bool empty = false;
+
+    StringDecrypter decrypter{this, og};
+    StringDecrypter* decrypter_ptr = m->encp->encrypted ? &decrypter : nullptr;
+    auto object =
+        QPDFParser(*m->file, m->last_object_description, m->tokenizer, decrypter_ptr, this, true)
+            .parse(empty, false);
+    if (empty) {
+        // Nothing in the PDF spec appears to allow empty objects, but they have been encountered in
+        // actual PDF files and Adobe Reader appears to ignore them.
+        warn(damagedPDF(*m->file, m->file->getLastOffset(), "empty object treated as null"));
+        return object;
+    }
+    auto token = readToken(*m->file);
+    if (object.isDictionary() && token.isWord("stream")) {
+        readStream(object, og, offset);
+        token = readToken(*m->file);
+    }
+    if (!token.isWord("endobj")) {
+        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF err expected endobj");
+        warn(damagedPDF("expected endobj"));
+    }
+    return object;
+}
+
+// After reading stream dictionary and stream keyword, read rest of stream.
+void
+QPDF::readStream(QPDFObjectHandle& object, QPDFObjGen og, qpdf_offset_t offset)
+{
+    validateStreamLineEnd(object, og, offset);
+
+    // Must get offset before accessing any additional objects since resolving a previously
+    // unresolved indirect object will change file position.
+    qpdf_offset_t stream_offset = m->file->tell();
+    size_t length = 0;
+
+    try {
+        auto length_obj = object.getKey("/Length");
+
+        if (!length_obj.isInteger()) {
+            if (length_obj.isNull()) {
+                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF stream without length");
+                throw damagedPDF(offset, "stream dictionary lacks /Length key");
+            }
+            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF stream length not integer");
+            throw damagedPDF(offset, "/Length key in stream dictionary is not an integer");
+        }
+
+        length = toS(length_obj.getUIntValue());
+        // Seek in two steps to avoid potential integer overflow
+        m->file->seek(stream_offset, SEEK_SET);
+        m->file->seek(toO(length), SEEK_CUR);
+        if (!readToken(*m->file).isWord("endstream")) {
+            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF missing endstream");
+            throw damagedPDF("expected endstream");
+        }
+    } catch (QPDFExc& e) {
+        if (m->attempt_recovery) {
+            warn(e);
+            length = recoverStreamLength(m->file, og, stream_offset);
+        } else {
+            throw;
+        }
+    }
+    object = QPDFObjectHandle(qpdf::Stream(*this, og, object, stream_offset, length));
+}
+
+void
+QPDF::validateStreamLineEnd(QPDFObjectHandle& object, QPDFObjGen og, qpdf_offset_t offset)
+{
+    // The PDF specification states that the word "stream" should be followed by either a carriage
+    // return and a newline or by a newline alone.  It specifically disallowed following it by a
+    // carriage return alone since, in that case, there would be no way to tell whether the NL in a
+    // CR NL sequence was part of the stream data.  However, some readers, including Adobe reader,
+    // accept a carriage return by itself when followed by a non-newline character, so that's what
+    // we do here. We have also seen files that have extraneous whitespace between the stream
+    // keyword and the newline.
+    while (true) {
+        char ch;
+        if (m->file->read(&ch, 1) == 0) {
+            // A premature EOF here will result in some other problem that will get reported at
+            // another time.
+            return;
+        }
+        if (ch == '\n') {
+            // ready to read stream data
+            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF stream with NL only");
+            return;
+        }
+        if (ch == '\r') {
+            // Read another character
+            if (m->file->read(&ch, 1) != 0) {
+                if (ch == '\n') {
+                    // Ready to read stream data
+                    QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF stream with CRNL");
+                } else {
+                    // Treat the \r by itself as the whitespace after endstream and start reading
+                    // stream data in spite of not having seen a newline.
+                    QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF stream with CR only");
+                    m->file->unreadCh(ch);
+                    warn(damagedPDF(
+                        m->file->tell(), "stream keyword followed by carriage return only"));
+                }
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        if (!util::is_space(ch)) {
+            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF stream without newline");
+            m->file->unreadCh(ch);
+            warn(damagedPDF(
+                m->file->tell(), "stream keyword not followed by proper line terminator"));
+            return;
+        }
+        warn(damagedPDF(m->file->tell(), "stream keyword followed by extraneous whitespace"));
+    }
+}
+
+QPDFObjectHandle
+QPDF::readObjectInStream(std::shared_ptr<InputSource>& input, int obj)
+{
+    m->last_object_description.erase(7); // last_object_description starts with "object "
+    m->last_object_description += std::to_string(obj);
+    m->last_object_description += " 0";
+
+    bool empty = false;
+    auto object = QPDFParser(*input, m->last_object_description, m->tokenizer, nullptr, this, true)
+                      .parse(empty, false);
+    if (empty) {
+        // Nothing in the PDF spec appears to allow empty objects, but they have been encountered in
+        // actual PDF files and Adobe Reader appears to ignore them.
+        warn(damagedPDF(*input, input->getLastOffset(), "empty object treated as null"));
+    }
+    return object;
+}
+
+bool
+QPDF::findEndstream()
+{
+    // Find endstream or endobj. Position the input at that token.
+    auto t = readToken(*m->file, 20);
+    if (t.isWord("endobj") || t.isWord("endstream")) {
+        m->file->seek(m->file->getLastOffset(), SEEK_SET);
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+size_t
+QPDF::recoverStreamLength(
+    std::shared_ptr<InputSource> input, QPDFObjGen og, qpdf_offset_t stream_offset)
+{
+    // Try to reconstruct stream length by looking for endstream or endobj
+    warn(damagedPDF(*input, stream_offset, "attempting to recover stream length"));
+
+    PatternFinder ef(*this, &QPDF::findEndstream);
+    size_t length = 0;
+    if (m->file->findFirst("end", stream_offset, 0, ef)) {
+        length = toS(m->file->tell() - stream_offset);
+        // Reread endstream but, if it was endobj, don't skip that.
+        QPDFTokenizer::Token t = readToken(*m->file);
+        if (t.getValue() == "endobj") {
+            m->file->seek(m->file->getLastOffset(), SEEK_SET);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (length) {
+        auto end = stream_offset + toO(length);
+        qpdf_offset_t found_offset = 0;
+        QPDFObjGen found_og;
+
+        // Make sure this is inside this object
+        for (auto const& [current_og, entry]: m->xref_table) {
+            if (entry.getType() == 1) {
+                qpdf_offset_t obj_offset = entry.getOffset();
+                if (found_offset < obj_offset && obj_offset < end) {
+                    found_offset = obj_offset;
+                    found_og = current_og;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (!found_offset || found_og == og) {
+            // If we are trying to recover an XRef stream the xref table will not contain and
+            // won't contain any entries, therefore we cannot check the found length. Otherwise we
+            // found endstream\nendobj within the space allowed for this object, so we're probably
+            // in good shape.
+        } else {
+            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF found wrong endstream in recovery");
+            length = 0;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (length == 0) {
+        warn(damagedPDF(
+            *input, stream_offset, "unable to recover stream data; treating stream as empty"));
+    } else {
+        warn(damagedPDF(
+            *input, stream_offset, "recovered stream length: " + std::to_string(length)));
+    }
+
+    QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF recovered stream length");
+    return length;
+}
+
+QPDFTokenizer::Token
+QPDF::readToken(InputSource& input, size_t max_len)
+{
+    return m->tokenizer.readToken(input, m->last_object_description, true, max_len);
+}
+
+QPDFObjectHandle
+QPDF::readObjectAtOffset(
+    bool try_recovery,
+    qpdf_offset_t offset,
+    std::string const& description,
+    QPDFObjGen exp_og,
+    QPDFObjGen& og,
+    bool skip_cache_if_in_xref)
+{
+    bool check_og = true;
+    if (exp_og.getObj() == 0) {
+        // This method uses an expect object ID of 0 to indicate that we don't know or don't care
+        // what the actual object ID is at this offset. This is true when we read the xref stream
+        // and linearization hint streams. In this case, we don't verify the expect object
+        // ID/generation against what was read from the file. There is also no reason to attempt
+        // xref recovery if we get a failure in this case since the read attempt was not triggered
+        // by an xref lookup.
+        check_og = false;
+        try_recovery = false;
+    }
+    setLastObjectDescription(description, exp_og);
+
+    if (!m->attempt_recovery) {
+        try_recovery = false;
+    }
+
+    // Special case: if offset is 0, just return null.  Some PDF writers, in particular
+    // "Mac OS X 10.7.5 Quartz PDFContext", may store deleted objects in the xref table as
+    // "0000000000 00000 n", which is not correct, but it won't hurt anything for us to ignore
+    // these.
+    if (offset == 0) {
+        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF bogus 0 offset", 0);
+        warn(damagedPDF(0, "object has offset 0"));
+        return QPDFObjectHandle::newNull();
+    }
+
+    m->file->seek(offset, SEEK_SET);
+    try {
+        QPDFTokenizer::Token tobjid = readToken(*m->file);
+        bool objidok = tobjid.isInteger();
+        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF check objid", objidok ? 1 : 0);
+        if (!objidok) {
+            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF expected n n obj");
+            throw damagedPDF(offset, "expected n n obj");
+        }
+        QPDFTokenizer::Token tgen = readToken(*m->file);
+        bool genok = tgen.isInteger();
+        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF check generation", genok ? 1 : 0);
+        if (!genok) {
+            throw damagedPDF(offset, "expected n n obj");
+        }
+        QPDFTokenizer::Token tobj = readToken(*m->file);
+
+        bool objok = tobj.isWord("obj");
+        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF check obj", objok ? 1 : 0);
+
+        if (!objok) {
+            throw damagedPDF(offset, "expected n n obj");
+        }
+        int objid = QUtil::string_to_int(tobjid.getValue().c_str());
+        int generation = QUtil::string_to_int(tgen.getValue().c_str());
+        og = QPDFObjGen(objid, generation);
+        if (objid == 0) {
+            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF object id 0");
+            throw damagedPDF(offset, "object with ID 0");
+        }
+        if (check_og && (exp_og != og)) {
+            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF err wrong objid/generation");
+            QPDFExc e = damagedPDF(offset, "expected " + exp_og.unparse(' ') + " obj");
+            if (try_recovery) {
+                // Will be retried below
+                throw e;
+            } else {
+                // We can try reading the object anyway even if the ID doesn't match.
+                warn(e);
+            }
+        }
+    } catch (QPDFExc& e) {
+        if (try_recovery) {
+            // Try again after reconstructing xref table
+            reconstruct_xref(e);
+            if (m->xref_table.count(exp_og) && (m->xref_table[exp_og].getType() == 1)) {
+                qpdf_offset_t new_offset = m->xref_table[exp_og].getOffset();
+                QPDFObjectHandle result =
+                    readObjectAtOffset(false, new_offset, description, exp_og, og, false);
+                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF recovered in readObjectAtOffset");
+                return result;
+            } else {
+                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF object gone after xref reconstruction");
+                warn(damagedPDF(
+                    "",
+                    0,
+                    ("object " + exp_og.unparse(' ') +
+                     " not found in file after regenerating cross reference "
+                     "table")));
+                return QPDFObjectHandle::newNull();
+            }
+        } else {
+            throw;
+        }
+    }
+
+    QPDFObjectHandle oh = readObject(description, og);
+
+    if (isUnresolved(og)) {
+        // Store the object in the cache here so it gets cached whether we first know the offset or
+        // whether we first know the object ID and generation (in which we case we would get here
+        // through resolve).
+
+        // Determine the end offset of this object before and after white space.  We use these
+        // numbers to validate linearization hint tables.  Offsets and lengths of objects may imply
+        // the end of an object to be anywhere between these values.
+        qpdf_offset_t end_before_space = m->file->tell();
+
+        // skip over spaces
+        while (true) {
+            char ch;
+            if (m->file->read(&ch, 1)) {
+                if (!isspace(static_cast<unsigned char>(ch))) {
+                    m->file->seek(-1, SEEK_CUR);
+                    break;
+                }
+            } else {
+                throw damagedPDF(m->file->tell(), "EOF after endobj");
+            }
+        }
+        qpdf_offset_t end_after_space = m->file->tell();
+        if (skip_cache_if_in_xref && m->xref_table.count(og)) {
+            // Ordinarily, an object gets read here when resolved through xref table or stream. In
+            // the special case of the xref stream and linearization hint tables, the offset comes
+            // from another source. For the specific case of xref streams, the xref stream is read
+            // and loaded into the object cache very early in parsing. Ordinarily, when a file is
+            // updated by appending, items inserted into the xref table in later updates take
+            // precedence over earlier items. In the special case of reusing the object number
+            // previously used as the xref stream, we have the following order of events:
+            //
+            // * reused object gets loaded into the xref table
+            // * old object is read here while reading xref streams
+            // * original xref entry is ignored (since already in xref table)
+            //
+            // It is the second step that causes a problem. Even though the xref table is correct in
+            // this case, the old object is already in the cache and so effectively prevails over
+            // the reused object. To work around this issue, we have a special case for the xref
+            // stream (via the skip_cache_if_in_xref): if the object is already in the xref stream,
+            // don't cache what we read here.
+            //
+            // It is likely that the same bug may exist for linearization hint tables, but the
+            // existing code uses end_before_space and end_after_space from the cache, so fixing
+            // that would require more significant rework. The chances of a linearization hint
+            // stream being reused seems smaller because the xref stream is probably the highest
+            // object in the file and the linearization hint stream would be some random place in
+            // the middle, so I'm leaving that bug unfixed for now. If the bug were to be fixed, we
+            // could use !check_og in place of skip_cache_if_in_xref.
+            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF skipping cache for known unchecked object");
+        } else {
+            updateCache(og, oh.getObj(), end_before_space, end_after_space);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return oh;
+}
+
+std::shared_ptr<QPDFObject> const&
+QPDF::resolve(QPDFObjGen og)
+{
+    if (!isUnresolved(og)) {
+        return m->obj_cache[og].object;
+    }
+
+    if (m->resolving.count(og)) {
+        // This can happen if an object references itself directly or indirectly in some key that
+        // has to be resolved during object parsing, such as stream length.
+        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF recursion loop in resolve");
+        warn(damagedPDF("", "loop detected resolving object " + og.unparse(' ')));
+        updateCache(og, QPDFObject::create<QPDF_Null>(), -1, -1);
+        return m->obj_cache[og].object;
+    }
+    ResolveRecorder rr(this, og);
+
+    if (m->xref_table.count(og) != 0) {
+        QPDFXRefEntry const& entry = m->xref_table[og];
+        try {
+            switch (entry.getType()) {
+            case 1:
+                {
+                    qpdf_offset_t offset = entry.getOffset();
+                    // Object stored in cache by readObjectAtOffset
+                    QPDFObjGen a_og;
+                    QPDFObjectHandle oh = readObjectAtOffset(true, offset, "", og, a_og, false);
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case 2:
+                resolveObjectsInStream(entry.getObjStreamNumber());
+                break;
+
+            default:
+                throw damagedPDF(
+                    "", 0, ("object " + og.unparse('/') + " has unexpected xref entry type"));
+            }
+        } catch (QPDFExc& e) {
+            warn(e);
+        } catch (std::exception& e) {
+            warn(damagedPDF(
+                "", 0, ("object " + og.unparse('/') + ": error reading object: " + e.what())));
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (isUnresolved(og)) {
+        // PDF spec says unknown objects resolve to the null object.
+        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF resolve failure to null");
+        updateCache(og, QPDFObject::create<QPDF_Null>(), -1, -1);
+    }
+
+    auto& result(m->obj_cache[og].object);
+    result->setDefaultDescription(this, og);
+    return result;
+}
+
+void
+QPDF::resolveObjectsInStream(int obj_stream_number)
+{
+    if (m->resolved_object_streams.count(obj_stream_number)) {
+        return;
+    }
+    m->resolved_object_streams.insert(obj_stream_number);
+    // Force resolution of object stream
+    QPDFObjectHandle obj_stream = getObjectByID(obj_stream_number, 0);
+    if (!obj_stream.isStream()) {
+        throw damagedPDF(
+            "supposed object stream " + std::to_string(obj_stream_number) + " is not a stream");
+    }
+
+    // For linearization data in the object, use the data from the object stream for the objects in
+    // the stream.
+    QPDFObjGen stream_og(obj_stream_number, 0);
+    qpdf_offset_t end_before_space = m->obj_cache[stream_og].end_before_space;
+    qpdf_offset_t end_after_space = m->obj_cache[stream_og].end_after_space;
+
+    QPDFObjectHandle dict = obj_stream.getDict();
+    if (!dict.isDictionaryOfType("/ObjStm")) {
+        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF ERR object stream with wrong type");
+        warn(damagedPDF(
+            "supposed object stream " + std::to_string(obj_stream_number) + " has wrong type"));
+    }
+
+    if (!(dict.getKey("/N").isInteger() && dict.getKey("/First").isInteger())) {
+        throw damagedPDF(
+            ("object stream " + std::to_string(obj_stream_number) + " has incorrect keys"));
+    }
+
+    int n = dict.getKey("/N").getIntValueAsInt();
+    int first = dict.getKey("/First").getIntValueAsInt();
+
+    std::map<int, int> offsets;
+
+    std::shared_ptr<Buffer> bp = obj_stream.getStreamData(qpdf_dl_specialized);
+    auto input = std::shared_ptr<InputSource>(
+        // line-break
+        new BufferInputSource(
+            (m->file->getName() + " object stream " + std::to_string(obj_stream_number)),
+            bp.get()));
+
+    long long last_offset = -1;
+    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+        QPDFTokenizer::Token tnum = readToken(*input);
+        QPDFTokenizer::Token toffset = readToken(*input);
+        if (!(tnum.isInteger() && toffset.isInteger())) {
+            throw damagedPDF(
+                *input,
+                m->last_object_description,
+                input->getLastOffset(),
+                "expected integer in object stream header");
+        }
+
+        int num = QUtil::string_to_int(tnum.getValue().c_str());
+        long long offset = QUtil::string_to_int(toffset.getValue().c_str());
+
+        if (num == obj_stream_number) {
+            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF ignore self-referential object stream");
+            warn(damagedPDF(
+                *input,
+                m->last_object_description,
+                input->getLastOffset(),
+                "object stream claims to contain itself"));
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (num < 1) {
+            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF object stream contains id < 1");
+            warn(damagedPDF(
+                *input,
+                "object "s + std::to_string(num) + " 0, offset " + std::to_string(offset),
+                0,
+                "object id is invalid"s));
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (offset <= last_offset) {
+            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF object stream offsets not increasing");
+            warn(damagedPDF(
+                *input,
+                "object "s + std::to_string(num) + " 0, offset " + std::to_string(offset),
+                0,
+                "offset is invalid (must be larger than previous offset " +
+                    std::to_string(last_offset) + ")"));
+            continue;
+        }
+        last_offset = offset;
+
+        if (num > m->xref_table_max_id) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        offsets[num] = toI(offset + first);
+    }
+
+    // To avoid having to read the object stream multiple times, store all objects that would be
+    // found here in the cache.  Remember that some objects stored here might have been overridden
+    // by new objects appended to the file, so it is necessary to recheck the xref table and only
+    // cache what would actually be resolved here.
+    m->last_object_description.clear();
+    m->last_object_description += "object ";
+    for (auto const& iter: offsets) {
+        QPDFObjGen og(iter.first, 0);
+        auto entry = m->xref_table.find(og);
+        if (entry != m->xref_table.end() && entry->second.getType() == 2 &&
+            entry->second.getObjStreamNumber() == obj_stream_number) {
+            int offset = iter.second;
+            input->seek(offset, SEEK_SET);
+            QPDFObjectHandle oh = readObjectInStream(input, iter.first);
+            updateCache(og, oh.getObj(), end_before_space, end_after_space);
+        } else {
+            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF not caching overridden objstm object");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+QPDFObjectHandle
+QPDF::newIndirect(QPDFObjGen og, std::shared_ptr<QPDFObject> const& obj)
+{
+    obj->setDefaultDescription(this, og);
+    return {obj};
+}
+
+void
+QPDF::updateCache(
+    QPDFObjGen og,
+    std::shared_ptr<QPDFObject> const& object,
+    qpdf_offset_t end_before_space,
+    qpdf_offset_t end_after_space,
+    bool destroy)
+{
+    object->setObjGen(this, og);
+    if (isCached(og)) {
+        auto& cache = m->obj_cache[og];
+        object->move_to(cache.object, destroy);
+        cache.end_before_space = end_before_space;
+        cache.end_after_space = end_after_space;
+    } else {
+        m->obj_cache[og] = ObjCache(object, end_before_space, end_after_space);
+    }
+}
+
+bool
+QPDF::isCached(QPDFObjGen og)
+{
+    return m->obj_cache.count(og) != 0;
+}
+
+bool
+QPDF::isUnresolved(QPDFObjGen og)
+{
+    return !isCached(og) || m->obj_cache[og].object->isUnresolved();
+}
+
+QPDFObjGen
+QPDF::nextObjGen()
+{
+    int max_objid = toI(getObjectCount());
+    if (max_objid == std::numeric_limits<int>::max()) {
+        throw std::range_error("max object id is too high to create new objects");
+    }
+    return QPDFObjGen(max_objid + 1, 0);
+}
+
+QPDFObjectHandle
+QPDF::makeIndirectFromQPDFObject(std::shared_ptr<QPDFObject> const& obj)
+{
+    QPDFObjGen next{nextObjGen()};
+    m->obj_cache[next] = ObjCache(obj, -1, -1);
+    return newIndirect(next, m->obj_cache[next].object);
+}
+
+QPDFObjectHandle
+QPDF::makeIndirectObject(QPDFObjectHandle oh)
+{
+    if (!oh) {
+        throw std::logic_error("attempted to make an uninitialized QPDFObjectHandle indirect");
+    }
+    return makeIndirectFromQPDFObject(oh.getObj());
+}
+
+std::shared_ptr<QPDFObject>
+QPDF::getObjectForParser(int id, int gen, bool parse_pdf)
+{
+    // This method is called by the parser and therefore must not resolve any objects.
+    auto og = QPDFObjGen(id, gen);
+    if (auto iter = m->obj_cache.find(og); iter != m->obj_cache.end()) {
+        return iter->second.object;
+    }
+    if (m->xref_table.count(og) || !m->parsed) {
+        return m->obj_cache.insert({og, QPDFObject::create<QPDF_Unresolved>(this, og)})
+            .first->second.object;
+    }
+    if (parse_pdf) {
+        return QPDFObject::create<QPDF_Null>();
+    }
+    return m->obj_cache.insert({og, QPDFObject::create<QPDF_Null>(this, og)}).first->second.object;
+}
+
+std::shared_ptr<QPDFObject>
+QPDF::getObjectForJSON(int id, int gen)
+{
+    auto og = QPDFObjGen(id, gen);
+    auto [it, inserted] = m->obj_cache.try_emplace(og);
+    auto& obj = it->second.object;
+    if (inserted) {
+        obj = (m->parsed && !m->xref_table.count(og))
+            ? QPDFObject::create<QPDF_Null>(this, og)
+            : QPDFObject::create<QPDF_Unresolved>(this, og);
+    }
+    return obj;
+}
+
+QPDFObjectHandle
+QPDF::getObject(QPDFObjGen og)
+{
+    if (auto it = m->obj_cache.find(og); it != m->obj_cache.end()) {
+        return {it->second.object};
+    } else if (m->parsed && !m->xref_table.count(og)) {
+        return QPDFObject::create<QPDF_Null>();
+    } else {
+        auto result =
+            m->obj_cache.try_emplace(og, QPDFObject::create<QPDF_Unresolved>(this, og), -1, -1);
+        return {result.first->second.object};
+    }
+}
+
+void
+QPDF::replaceObject(int objid, int generation, QPDFObjectHandle oh)
+{
+    replaceObject(QPDFObjGen(objid, generation), oh);
+}
+
+void
+QPDF::replaceObject(QPDFObjGen og, QPDFObjectHandle oh)
+{
+    if (!oh || (oh.isIndirect() && !(oh.isStream() && oh.getObjGen() == og))) {
+        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF replaceObject called with indirect object");
+        throw std::logic_error("QPDF::replaceObject called with indirect object handle");
+    }
+    updateCache(og, oh.getObj(), -1, -1, false);
+}
+
+void
+QPDF::removeObject(QPDFObjGen og)
+{
+    m->xref_table.erase(og);
+    if (auto cached = m->obj_cache.find(og); cached != m->obj_cache.end()) {
+        // Take care of any object handles that may be floating around.
+        cached->second.object->assign_null();
+        cached->second.object->setObjGen(nullptr, QPDFObjGen());
+        m->obj_cache.erase(cached);
+    }
+}
+
+void
+QPDF::replaceReserved(QPDFObjectHandle reserved, QPDFObjectHandle replacement)
+{
+    QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF replaceReserved");
+    auto tc = reserved.getTypeCode();
+    if (!(tc == ::ot_reserved || tc == ::ot_null)) {
+        throw std::logic_error("replaceReserved called with non-reserved object");
+    }
+    replaceObject(reserved.getObjGen(), replacement);
+}
+
+void
+QPDF::swapObjects(int objid1, int generation1, int objid2, int generation2)
+{
+    swapObjects(QPDFObjGen(objid1, generation1), QPDFObjGen(objid2, generation2));
+}
+
+void
+QPDF::swapObjects(QPDFObjGen og1, QPDFObjGen og2)
+{
+    // Force objects to be read from the input source if needed, then swap them in the cache.
+    resolve(og1);
+    resolve(og2);
+    m->obj_cache[og1].object->swapWith(m->obj_cache[og2].object);
+}
+
+size_t
+QPDF::tableSize()
+{
+    // If obj_cache is dense, accommodate all object in tables,else accommodate only original
+    // objects.
+    auto max_xref = m->xref_table.size() ? m->xref_table.crbegin()->first.getObj() : 0;
+    auto max_obj = m->obj_cache.size() ? m->obj_cache.crbegin()->first.getObj() : 0;
+    auto max_id = std::numeric_limits<int>::max() - 1;
+    if (max_obj >= max_id || max_xref >= max_id) {
+        // Temporary fix. Long-term solution is
+        // - QPDFObjGen to enforce objgens are valid and sensible
+        // - xref table and obj cache to protect against insertion of impossibly large obj ids
+        stopOnError("Impossibly large object id encountered.");
+    }
+    if (max_obj < 1.1 * std::max(toI(m->obj_cache.size()), max_xref)) {
+        return toS(++max_obj);
+    }
+    return toS(++max_xref);
+}
+
+std::vector<QPDFObjGen>
+QPDF::getCompressibleObjVector()
+{
+    return getCompressibleObjGens<QPDFObjGen>();
+}
+
+std::vector<bool>
+QPDF::getCompressibleObjSet()
+{
+    return getCompressibleObjGens<bool>();
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+std::vector<T>
+QPDF::getCompressibleObjGens()
+{
+    // Return a list of objects that are allowed to be in object streams.  Walk through the objects
+    // by traversing the document from the root, including a traversal of the pages tree.  This
+    // makes that objects that are on the same page are more likely to be in the same object stream,
+    // which is slightly more efficient, particularly with linearized files.  This is better than
+    // iterating through the xref table since it avoids preserving orphaned items.
+
+    // Exclude encryption dictionary, if any
+    QPDFObjectHandle encryption_dict = m->trailer.getKey("/Encrypt");
+    QPDFObjGen encryption_dict_og = encryption_dict.getObjGen();
+
+    const size_t max_obj = getObjectCount();
+    std::vector<bool> visited(max_obj, false);
+    std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> queue;
+    queue.reserve(512);
+    queue.push_back(m->trailer);
+    std::vector<T> result;
+    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, QPDFObjGen>) {
+        result.reserve(m->obj_cache.size());
+    } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, bool>) {
+        result.resize(max_obj + 1U, false);
+    } else {
+        throw std::logic_error("Unsupported type in QPDF::getCompressibleObjGens");
+    }
+    while (!queue.empty()) {
+        auto obj = queue.back();
+        queue.pop_back();
+        if (obj.getObjectID() > 0) {
+            QPDFObjGen og = obj.getObjGen();
+            const size_t id = toS(og.getObj() - 1);
+            if (id >= max_obj) {
+                throw std::logic_error(
+                    "unexpected object id encountered in getCompressibleObjGens");
+            }
+            if (visited[id]) {
+                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF loop detected traversing objects");
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // Check whether this is the current object. If not, remove it (which changes it into a
+            // direct null and therefore stops us from revisiting it) and move on to the next object
+            // in the queue.
+            auto upper = m->obj_cache.upper_bound(og);
+            if (upper != m->obj_cache.end() && upper->first.getObj() == og.getObj()) {
+                removeObject(og);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            visited[id] = true;
+
+            if (og == encryption_dict_og) {
+                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF exclude encryption dictionary");
+            } else if (!(obj.isStream() ||
+                         (obj.isDictionaryOfType("/Sig") && obj.hasKey("/ByteRange") &&
+                          obj.hasKey("/Contents")))) {
+                if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, QPDFObjGen>) {
+                    result.push_back(og);
+                } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, bool>) {
+                    result[id + 1U] = true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (obj.isStream()) {
+            auto dict = obj.getDict().as_dictionary();
+            auto end = dict.crend();
+            for (auto iter = dict.crbegin(); iter != end; ++iter) {
+                std::string const& key = iter->first;
+                QPDFObjectHandle const& value = iter->second;
+                if (!value.null()) {
+                    if (key == "/Length") {
+                        // omit stream lengths
+                        if (value.isIndirect()) {
+                            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF exclude indirect length");
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        queue.emplace_back(value);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        } else if (obj.isDictionary()) {
+            auto dict = obj.as_dictionary();
+            auto end = dict.crend();
+            for (auto iter = dict.crbegin(); iter != end; ++iter) {
+                if (!iter->second.null()) {
+                    queue.emplace_back(iter->second);
+                }
+            }
+        } else if (auto items = obj.as_array()) {
+            queue.insert(queue.end(), items.crbegin(), items.crend());
+        }
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
@@ -21,16 +21,15 @@ more detail.
       integer object. Previously the method returned false if the first
       dictionary object was not a linearization parameter dictionary.
  
-.. _r12-0-0:
-
-12.0.1: not yet released
- - Other enhancements
+  - Other enhancements
  
-   - There have been further enhancements to how files with damaged xref
-     tables are recovered.
+    - There have been further enhancements to how files with damaged xref
+      tables are recovered.
  
 .. cSpell:ignore substract
  
+.. _r12-0-0:
+
 12.0.0: March 9, 2025
   - API breaking changes