Replace std::endl with '\n' for consistent line endings.

This change updates all occurrences of `std::endl` to `\n` across various files for improved efficiency and consistency. It reduces unnecessary flushing of output buffers associated with `std::endl` while maintaining the same output format.

Replace std::endl with '\n' for consistent line endings.
This change updates all occurrences of `std::endl` to `\n` across various files for improved efficiency and consistency. It reduces unnecessary flushing of output buffers associated with `std::endl` while maintaining the same output format.
m-holger
1 parent 98c0b420
Showing 83 changed files with 752 additions and 769 deletions
compare-for-test/qpdf-test-compare.cc
examples/pdf-attach-file.cc
examples/pdf-bookmarks.cc
examples/pdf-count-strings.cc
examples/pdf-create.cc
examples/pdf-custom-filter.cc
examples/pdf-double-page-size.cc
examples/pdf-filter-tokens.cc
examples/pdf-invert-images.cc
examples/pdf-mod-info.cc
examples/pdf-name-number-tree.cc
examples/pdf-npages.cc
examples/pdf-overlay-page.cc
examples/pdf-parse-content.cc
examples/pdf-set-form-values.cc
examples/pdf-split-pages.cc
examples/qpdf-job.cc
examples/qpdfjob-save-attachment.cc
fuzz/ascii85_fuzzer.cc
fuzz/dct_fuzzer.cc
@@ -13,18 +13,14 @@ static char const* whoami = nullptr;
 void
 usage()
 {
-    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " actual expected" << std::endl
-              << R"(Where "actual" is the actual output and "expected" is the expected)"
-              << std::endl
-              << "output of a test, compare the two PDF files. The files are considered"
-              << std::endl
-              << "to match if all their objects are identical except that, if a stream is"
-              << std::endl
-              << "compressed with FlateDecode, the uncompressed data must match." << std::endl
-              << std::endl
-              << "If the files match, the output is the expected file. Otherwise, it is"
-              << std::endl
-              << "the actual file. Read comments in the code for rationale." << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " actual expected" << '\n'
+              << R"(Where "actual" is the actual output and "expected" is the expected)" << '\n'
+              << "output of a test, compare the two PDF files. The files are considered" << '\n'
+              << "to match if all their objects are identical except that, if a stream is" << '\n'
+              << "compressed with FlateDecode, the uncompressed data must match." << '\n'
+              << '\n'
+              << "If the files match, the output is the expected file. Otherwise, it is" << '\n'
+              << "the actual file. Read comments in the code for rationale." << '\n';
     exit(2);
 }
  
@@ -187,7 +183,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
     }
  
     if ((argc == 2) && (strcmp(argv[1], "--version") == 0)) {
-        std::cout << whoami << " from qpdf version " << QPDF::QPDFVersion() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << whoami << " from qpdf version " << QPDF::QPDFVersion() << '\n';
         exit(0);
     }
  
@@ -211,7 +207,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
             to_output = expected;
         } else {
             if (show_why) {
-                std::cerr << difference << std::endl;
+                std::cerr << difference << '\n';
                 exit(2);
             }
             // The files differ; write the actual file. If it is determined that the actual file
@@ -237,7 +233,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
             exit(2);
         }
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cerr << whoami << ": " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << whoami << ": " << e.what() << '\n';
         exit(2);
     }
     return 0;
@@ -19,15 +19,15 @@ static char const* whoami = nullptr;
 static void
 usage(std::string const& msg)
 {
-    std::cerr << msg << std::endl
-              << std::endl
-              << "Usage: " << whoami << " options" << std::endl
-              << "Options:" << std::endl
-              << " --infile infile.pdf" << std::endl
-              << " --outfile outfile.pdf" << std::endl
-              << " --attachment attachment" << std::endl
-              << " [--password infile-password]" << std::endl
-              << " [--mimetype attachment mime type]" << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << msg << '\n'
+              << '\n'
+              << "Usage: " << whoami << " options\n"
+              << "Options:\n"
+              << " --infile infile.pdf\n"
+              << " --outfile outfile.pdf\n"
+              << " --attachment attachment\n"
+              << " [--password infile-password]\n"
+              << " [--mimetype attachment mime type]\n";
     exit(2);
 }
  
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ process(
  
     // Create a file spec.
     std::string key = QUtil::path_basename(attachment);
-    std::cout << whoami << ": attaching " << attachment << " as " << key << std::endl;
+    std::cout << whoami << ": attaching " << attachment << " as " << key << '\n';
     auto fs = QPDFFileSpecObjectHelper::createFileSpec(q, key, attachment);
  
     if (mimetype) {
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
     try {
         process(infilename, password, attachment, mimetype, outfilename);
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cerr << whoami << " exception: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << whoami << " exception: " << e.what() << '\n';
         exit(2);
     }
  
@@ -23,12 +23,12 @@ static std::map&lt;QPDFObjGen, int&gt; page_map;
 void
 usage()
 {
-    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " [options] file.pdf [password]" << std::endl
-              << "Options:" << std::endl
-              << "  --numbers        give bookmarks outline-style numbers" << std::endl
-              << "  --lines          draw lines to show bookmark hierarchy" << std::endl
-              << "  --show-open      indicate whether a bookmark is initially open" << std::endl
-              << "  --show-targets   show target if possible" << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " [options] file.pdf [password]\n"
+              << "Options:\n"
+              << "  --numbers        give bookmarks outline-style numbers\n"
+              << "  --lines          draw lines to show bookmark hierarchy\n"
+              << "  --show-open      indicate whether a bookmark is initially open\n"
+              << "  --show-targets   show target if possible\n";
     exit(2);
 }
  
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ show_bookmark_details(QPDFOutlineObjectHelper outline, std::vector&lt;int&gt; numbers)
     case st_lines:
         QTC::TC("examples", "pdf-bookmarks lines");
         print_lines(numbers);
-        std::cout << "|" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "|\n";
         print_lines(numbers);
         std::cout << "+-+ ";
         break;
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
     whoami = QUtil::getWhoami(argv[0]);
  
     if ((argc == 2) && (strcmp(argv[1], "--version") == 0)) {
-        std::cout << whoami << " version 1.5" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << whoami << " version 1.5\n";
         exit(0);
     }
  
@@ -185,10 +185,10 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
             }
             extract_bookmarks(odh.getTopLevelOutlines(), numbers);
         } else {
-            std::cout << filename << " has no bookmarks" << std::endl;
+            std::cout << filename << " has no bookmarks\n";
         }
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cerr << whoami << " processing file " << filename << ": " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << whoami << " processing file " << filename << ": " << e.what() << '\n';
         exit(2);
     }
  
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ static char const* whoami = nullptr;
 void
 usage()
 {
-    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " infile" << std::endl
-              << "Applies token filters to infile" << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " infile\n"
+              << "Applies token filters to infile\n";
     exit(2);
 }
  
@@ -88,14 +88,14 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
             } else {
                 // Write output to stdout for even pages.
                 Pl_StdioFile out("stdout", stdout);
-                std::cout << "% Contents of page " << pageno << std::endl;
+                std::cout << "% Contents of page " << pageno << '\n';
                 page.filterContents(&counter, &out);
-                std::cout << "\n% end " << pageno << std::endl;
+                std::cout << "\n% end " << pageno << '\n';
             }
-            std::cout << "Page " << pageno << ": strings = " << counter.getCount() << std::endl;
+            std::cout << "Page " << pageno << ": strings = " << counter.getCount() << '\n';
         }
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cerr << whoami << ": " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << whoami << ": " << e.what() << '\n';
         exit(2);
     }
  
@@ -117,8 +117,8 @@ ImageProvider::provideStreamData(QPDFObjGen const&amp;, Pipeline* pipeline)
 void
 usage()
 {
-    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " filename" << std::endl
-              << "Creates a simple PDF and writes it to filename" << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " filename\n"
+              << "Creates a simple PDF and writes it to filename\n";
     exit(2);
 }
  
@@ -257,12 +257,12 @@ check(
         if (!filter.isNameAndEquals(desired_filter)) {
             this_errors = errors = true;
             std::cout << "page " << pageno << ": expected filter " << desired_filter
-                      << "; actual filter = " << filter.unparse() << std::endl;
+                      << "; actual filter = " << filter.unparse() << '\n';
         }
         if (!color_space.isNameAndEquals(desired_color_space)) {
             this_errors = errors = true;
             std::cout << "page " << pageno << ": expected color space " << desired_color_space
-                      << "; actual color space = " << color_space.unparse() << std::endl;
+                      << "; actual color space = " << color_space.unparse() << '\n';
         }
  
         if (!this_errors) {
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ check(
             std::shared_ptr<Buffer> desired_data(b_p.getBuffer());
  
             if (desired_data->getSize() != actual_data->getSize()) {
-                std::cout << "page " << pageno << ": image data length mismatch" << std::endl;
+                std::cout << "page " << pageno << ": image data length mismatch\n";
                 this_errors = errors = true;
             } else {
                 // Compare bytes. For JPEG, allow a certain number of the bytes to be off desired by
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ check(
                 if (mismatches > threshold) {
                     std::cout << "page " << pageno << ": " << desired_color_space << ", "
                               << desired_filter << ": mismatches: " << mismatches << " of " << len
-                              << std::endl;
+                              << '\n';
                     this_errors = errors = true;
                 }
             }
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ check(
     if (errors) {
         throw std::logic_error("errors found");
     } else {
-        std::cout << "all checks passed" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "all checks passed\n";
     }
 }
  
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
     try {
         create_pdf(filename);
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << e.what() << '\n';
         exit(2);
     }
  
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ SF_XORDecode::setDecodeParms(QPDFObjectHandle decode_parms)
         this->key = buf->getBuffer()[0];
         return true;
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cerr << "Error extracting key for /XORDecode: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "Error extracting key for /XORDecode: " << e.what() << '\n';
     }
     return false;
 }
@@ -361,15 +361,13 @@ process(char const* infilename, char const* outfilename, bool decode_specialized
     // For the test suite, use static IDs.
     w.setStaticID(true); // for testing only
     w.write();
-    std::cout << whoami << ": new file written to " << outfilename << std::endl;
+    std::cout << whoami << ": new file written to " << outfilename << '\n';
 }
  
 static void
 usage()
 {
-    std::cerr << "\n"
-              << "Usage: " << whoami << " [--decode-specialized] infile outfile\n"
-              << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << '\n' << "Usage: " << whoami << " [--decode-specialized] infile outfile\n" << '\n';
     exit(2);
 }
  
@@ -404,7 +402,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
         // Do the actual processing.
         process(infilename, outfilename, decode_specialized);
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cerr << whoami << ": exception: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << whoami << ": exception: " << e.what() << '\n';
         exit(2);
     }
  
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ static char const* whoami = nullptr;
 void
 usage()
 {
-    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " infile.pdf outfile.pdf [in-password]" << std::endl
-              << "Double size of all pages in infile.pdf; write output to outfile.pdf" << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " infile.pdf outfile.pdf [in-password]\n"
+              << "Double size of all pages in infile.pdf; write output to outfile.pdf\n";
     exit(2);
 }
  
@@ -87,9 +87,9 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
             w.setStreamDataMode(qpdf_s_uncompress);
         }
         w.write();
-        std::cout << whoami << ": new file written to " << outfilename << std::endl;
+        std::cout << whoami << ": new file written to " << outfilename << '\n';
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cerr << whoami << " processing file " << infilename << ": " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << whoami << " processing file " << infilename << ": " << e.what() << '\n';
         exit(2);
     }
  
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ static char const* whoami = nullptr;
 void
 usage()
 {
-    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " infile outfile" << std::endl
-              << "Applies token filters to infile and writes outfile" << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " infile outfile\n"
+              << "Applies token filters to infile and writes outfile\n";
     exit(2);
 }
  
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
         w.setQDFMode(true);
         w.write();
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cerr << whoami << ": " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << whoami << ": " << e.what() << '\n';
         exit(2);
     }
  
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ static char const* whoami = nullptr;
 void
 usage()
 {
-    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " infile.pdf outfile.pdf [in-password]" << std::endl
-              << "Invert some images in infile.pdf; write output to outfile.pdf" << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " infile.pdf outfile.pdf [in-password]\n"
+              << "Invert some images in infile.pdf; write output to outfile.pdf\n";
     exit(2);
 }
  
@@ -137,9 +137,9 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
             w.setStaticID(true); // for testing only
         }
         w.write();
-        std::cout << whoami << ": new file written to " << outfilename << std::endl;
+        std::cout << whoami << ": new file written to " << outfilename << '\n';
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cerr << whoami << " processing file " << infilename << ": " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << whoami << " processing file " << infilename << ": " << e.what() << '\n';
         exit(2);
     }
  
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ dumpInfoDict(QPDF&amp; pdf, std::ostream&amp; os = std::cout, std::string const&amp; sep = &quot;
             {
                 val = it.second.unparseResolved();
             }
-            os << it.first.substr(1) << sep << val << std::endl; // skip '/'
+            os << it.first.substr(1) << sep << val << '\n'; // skip '/'
         }
     }
 }
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ pdfDumpInfoDict(char const* fname)
         pdf.processFile(fname);
         dumpInfoDict(pdf);
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << e.what() << '\n';
         exit(2);
     }
 }
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
     whoami = QUtil::getWhoami(argv[0]);
  
     if ((argc == 2) && (!strcmp(argv[1], "--version"))) {
-        std::cout << whoami << " version " << version << std::endl;
+        std::cout << whoami << " version " << version << '\n';
         exit(0);
     }
     if ((argc == 3) && (!strcmp(argv[1], "--dump"))) {
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
         w.setStaticID(static_id); // for testing only
         w.write();
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << e.what() << '\n';
         exit(2);
     }
  
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
         QUtil::os_wrapper(
             "rename " + fl_tmp + " " + std::string(fl_out), rename(fl_tmp.c_str(), fl_out));
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << e.what() << '\n';
         exit(2);
     }
  
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ static char const* whoami = nullptr;
 void
 usage()
 {
-    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " outfile.pdf" << std::endl
-              << "Create some name/number trees and write to a file" << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " outfile.pdf" << '\n'
+              << "Create some name/number trees and write to a file\n";
     exit(2);
 }
  
@@ -57,64 +57,63 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
     name_tree.insert("N", QPDFObjectHandle::newUnicodeString("knight"));
     auto iter = name_tree.insert("P", QPDFObjectHandle::newUnicodeString("pawn"));
     // Look at the iterator
-    std::cout << "just inserted " << iter->first << " -> " << iter->second.unparse() << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "just inserted " << iter->first << " -> " << iter->second.unparse() << '\n';
     --iter;
-    std::cout << "predecessor: " << iter->first << " -> " << iter->second.unparse() << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "predecessor: " << iter->first << " -> " << iter->second.unparse() << '\n';
     ++iter;
     ++iter;
-    std::cout << "successor: " << iter->first << " -> " << iter->second.unparse() << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "successor: " << iter->first << " -> " << iter->second.unparse() << '\n';
  
     // Use range-for iteration
-    std::cout << "Name tree items:" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Name tree items:\n";
     for (auto i: name_tree) {
-        std::cout << "  " << i.first << " -> " << i.second.unparse() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "  " << i.first << " -> " << i.second.unparse() << '\n';
     }
  
     // This is a small tree, so everything will be at the root. We can look at it using dictionary
     // and array iterators.
-    std::cout << "Keys in name tree object:" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Keys in name tree object:\n";
     QPDFObjectHandle names;
     for (auto const& i: name_tree_oh.ditems()) {
-        std::cout << i.first << std::endl;
+        std::cout << i.first << '\n';
         if (i.first == "/Names") {
             names = i.second;
         }
     }
     // Values in names array:
-    std::cout << "Values in names:" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Values in names:\n";
     for (auto& i: names.aitems()) {
-        std::cout << "  " << i.unparse() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "  " << i.unparse() << '\n';
     }
  
     // pre 10.2 API
-    std::cout << "Has Q?: " << name_tree.hasName("Q") << std::endl;
-    std::cout << "Has W?: " << name_tree.hasName("W") << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Has Q?: " << name_tree.hasName("Q") << '\n';
+    std::cout << "Has W?: " << name_tree.hasName("W") << '\n';
     QPDFObjectHandle obj;
-    std::cout << "Found W?: " << name_tree.findObject("W", obj) << std::endl;
-    std::cout << "Found Q?: " << name_tree.findObject("Q", obj) << std::endl;
-    std::cout << "Q: " << obj.unparse() << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Found W?: " << name_tree.findObject("W", obj) << '\n';
+    std::cout << "Found Q?: " << name_tree.findObject("Q", obj) << '\n';
+    std::cout << "Q: " << obj.unparse() << '\n';
  
     // 10.2 API
     iter = name_tree.find("Q");
-    std::cout << "Q: " << iter->first << " -> " << iter->second.unparse() << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Q: " << iter->first << " -> " << iter->second.unparse() << '\n';
     iter = name_tree.find("W");
-    std::cout << "W found: " << (iter != name_tree.end()) << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "W found: " << (iter != name_tree.end()) << '\n';
     // Allow find to return predecessor
     iter = name_tree.find("W", true);
-    std::cout << "W's predecessor: " << iter->first << " -> " << iter->second.unparse()
-              << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "W's predecessor: " << iter->first << " -> " << iter->second.unparse() << '\n';
  
     // We can also remove items
-    std::cout << "Remove P: " << name_tree.remove("P", &obj) << std::endl;
-    std::cout << "Value removed: " << obj.unparse() << std::endl;
-    std::cout << "Has P?: " << name_tree.hasName("P") << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Remove P: " << name_tree.remove("P", &obj) << '\n';
+    std::cout << "Value removed: " << obj.unparse() << '\n';
+    std::cout << "Has P?: " << name_tree.hasName("P") << '\n';
     // Or we can remove using an iterator
     iter = name_tree.find("K");
-    std::cout << "Find K: " << iter->second.unparse() << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Find K: " << iter->second.unparse() << '\n';
     iter.remove();
     std::cout << "Iter after removing K: " << iter->first << " -> " << iter->second.unparse()
-              << std::endl;
-    std::cout << "Has K?: " << name_tree.hasName("K") << std::endl;
+              << '\n';
+    std::cout << "Has K?: " << name_tree.hasName("K") << '\n';
  
     // Illustrate some more advanced usage using number trees. These calls work for name trees too.
  
@@ -129,14 +128,14 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
     for (int i = 7; i <= 350; i += 7) {
         iter2.insertAfter(i, QPDFObjectHandle::newString("-" + std::to_string(i) + "-"));
     }
-    std::cout << "Numbers:" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Numbers:\n";
     int n = 1;
     for (auto& i: number_tree) {
         std::cout << i.first << " -> " << i.second.getUTF8Value();
         if (n % 5) {
             std::cout << ", ";
         } else {
-            std::cout << std::endl;
+            std::cout << '\n';
         }
         ++n;
     }
@@ -151,14 +150,14 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
             ++iter2;
         }
     }
-    std::cout << "Numbers after filtering:" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Numbers after filtering:\n";
     n = 1;
     for (auto& i: number_tree) {
         std::cout << i.first << " -> " << i.second.getUTF8Value();
         if (n % 5) {
             std::cout << ", ";
         } else {
-            std::cout << std::endl;
+            std::cout << '\n';
         }
         ++n;
     }
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ static char const* whoami = nullptr;
 void
 usage()
 {
-    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " filename" << std::endl
-              << "Prints the number of pages in filename" << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " filename\n"
+              << "Prints the number of pages in filename\n";
     exit(2);
 }
  
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
     whoami = QUtil::getWhoami(argv[0]);
  
     if ((argc == 2) && (strcmp(argv[1], "--version") == 0)) {
-        std::cout << whoami << " version 1.3" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << whoami << " version 1.3\n";
         exit(0);
     }
  
@@ -36,9 +36,9 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
         QPDFObjectHandle root = pdf.getRoot();
         QPDFObjectHandle pages = root.getKey("/Pages");
         QPDFObjectHandle count = pages.getKey("/Count");
-        std::cout << count.getIntValue() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << count.getIntValue() << '\n';
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cerr << whoami << ": " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << whoami << ": " << e.what() << '\n';
         exit(2);
     }
  
@@ -15,9 +15,8 @@ static char const* whoami = nullptr;
 void
 usage()
 {
-    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " infile pagefile outfile" << std::endl
-              << "Stamp page 1 of pagefile on every page of infile, writing to outfile"
-              << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " infile pagefile outfile\n"
+              << "Stamp page 1 of pagefile on every page of infile, writing to outfile\n";
     exit(2);
 }
  
@@ -81,7 +80,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
     try {
         stamp_page(infile, stampfile, outfile);
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cerr << whoami << ": " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << whoami << ": " << e.what() << '\n';
         exit(2);
     }
     return 0;
@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@ static char const* whoami = nullptr;
 void
 usage()
 {
-    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " filename page-number" << std::endl
-              << "Prints a dump of the objects in the content streams of the given page."
-              << std::endl
-              << "Pages are numbered from 1." << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " filename page-number\n"
+              << "Prints a dump of the objects in the content streams of the given page.\n"
+              << '\n'
+              << "Pages are numbered from 1.\n";
     exit(2);
 }
  
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class ParserCallbacks: public QPDFObjectHandle::ParserCallbacks
 void
 ParserCallbacks::contentSize(size_t size)
 {
-    std::cout << "content size: " << size << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "content size: " << size << '\n';
 }
  
 void
@@ -39,16 +39,16 @@ ParserCallbacks::handleObject(QPDFObjectHandle obj, size_t offset, size_t length
 {
     std::cout << obj.getTypeName() << ", offset=" << offset << ", length=" << length << ": ";
     if (obj.isInlineImage()) {
-        std::cout << QUtil::hex_encode(obj.getInlineImageValue()) << std::endl;
+        std::cout << QUtil::hex_encode(obj.getInlineImageValue()) << '\n';
     } else {
-        std::cout << obj.unparse() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << obj.unparse() << '\n';
     }
 }
  
 void
 ParserCallbacks::handleEOF()
 {
-    std::cout << "-EOF-" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "-EOF-\n";
 }
  
 int
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
         ParserCallbacks cb;
         page.parseContents(&cb);
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cerr << whoami << ": " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << whoami << ": " << e.what() << '\n';
         exit(2);
     }
  
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ static char const* whoami = nullptr;
 void
 usage()
 {
-    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " infile.pdf outfile.pdf value" << std::endl
-              << "Set the value of all text fields to a specified value" << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " infile.pdf outfile.pdf value\n"
+              << "Set the value of all text fields to a specified value\n";
     exit(2);
 }
  
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
         w.setStaticID(true); // for testing only
         w.write();
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cerr << whoami << " processing file " << infilename << ": " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << whoami << " processing file " << infilename << ": " << e.what() << '\n';
         exit(2);
     }
  
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ process(char const* whoami, char const* infile, std::string outprefix)
 void
 usage(char const* whoami)
 {
-    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " infile outprefix" << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " infile outprefix\n";
     exit(2);
 }
  
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
     try {
         process(whoami, argv[1], argv[2]);
     } catch (std::exception const& e) {
-        std::cerr << whoami << ": exception: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << whoami << ": exception: " << e.what() << '\n';
         return 2;
     }
     return 0;
@@ -10,11 +10,10 @@ static char const* whoami = nullptr;
 static void
 usage()
 {
-    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << std::endl
+    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << '\n'
               << "This program linearizes the first page of in.pdf to out1.pdf, out2.pdf, and"
-              << std::endl
-              << " out3.pdf, each demonstrating a different way to use the QPDFJob API"
-              << std::endl;
+              << '\n'
+              << " out3.pdf, each demonstrating a different way to use the QPDFJob API" << '\n';
     exit(2);
 }
  
@@ -49,9 +48,9 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
             ->compressStreams("n") // avoid dependency on zlib output
             ->checkConfiguration();
         j.run();
-        std::cout << "out1 status: " << j.getExitCode() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "out1 status: " << j.getExitCode() << '\n';
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cerr << "exception: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "exception: " << e.what() << '\n';
         return 2;
     }
  
@@ -71,9 +70,9 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
         QPDFJob j;
         j.initializeFromArgv(new_argv);
         j.run();
-        std::cout << "out2 status: " << j.getExitCode() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "out2 status: " << j.getExitCode() << '\n';
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cerr << "exception: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "exception: " << e.what() << '\n';
         return 2;
     }
  
@@ -95,9 +94,9 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
 }
 )");
         j.run();
-        std::cout << "out3 status: " << j.getExitCode() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "out3 status: " << j.getExitCode() << '\n';
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cerr << "exception: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "exception: " << e.what() << '\n';
         return 2;
     }
  
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
     auto whoami = QUtil::getWhoami(argv[0]);
  
     if (argc != 4) {
-        std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " file attachment-key outfile" << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " file attachment-key outfile" << '\n';
         exit(2);
     }
  
@@ -40,10 +40,10 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
         j.initializeFromArgv(j_argv);
         j.run();
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cerr << whoami << ": " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << whoami << ": " << e.what() << '\n';
         exit(2);
     }
  
-    std::cout << whoami << ": wrote attachment to " << outfilename << std::endl;
+    std::cout << whoami << ": wrote attachment to " << outfilename << '\n';
     return 0;
 }
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ FuzzHelper::run()
     try {
         doChecks();
     } catch (std::runtime_error const& e) {
-        std::cerr << "runtime_error: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "runtime_error: " << e.what() << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ FuzzHelper::run()
     try {
         doChecks();
     } catch (std::runtime_error const& e) {
-        std::cerr << "runtime_error: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "runtime_error: " << e.what() << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ FuzzHelper::run()
     try {
         doChecks();
     } catch (std::runtime_error const& e) {
-        std::cerr << "runtime_error: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "runtime_error: " << e.what() << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ FuzzHelper::run()
     try {
         doChecks();
     } catch (std::runtime_error const& e) {
-        std::cerr << "runtime_error: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "runtime_error: " << e.what() << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ FuzzHelper::doChecks()
     try {
         JSON::parse(std::string(reinterpret_cast<char const*>(data), size));
     } catch (std::runtime_error& e) {
-        std::cerr << "runtime_error parsing json: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "runtime_error parsing json: " << e.what() << '\n';
     }
     QPDF q;
     q.setMaxWarnings(1000);
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ FuzzHelper::run()
     try {
         doChecks();
     } catch (std::runtime_error const& e) {
-        std::cerr << "runtime_error: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "runtime_error: " << e.what() << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ FuzzHelper::run()
     try {
         doChecks();
     } catch (std::runtime_error const& e) {
-        std::cerr << "runtime_error: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "runtime_error: " << e.what() << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ FuzzHelper::run()
     try {
         doChecks();
     } catch (std::runtime_error const& e) {
-        std::cerr << "runtime_error: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "runtime_error: " << e.what() << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -76,9 +76,9 @@ FuzzHelper::doWrite(std::shared_ptr&lt;QPDFWriter&gt; w)
     try {
         w->write();
     } catch (QPDFExc const& e) {
-        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << e.what() << '\n';
     } catch (std::runtime_error const& e) {
-        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << e.what() << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -135,9 +135,9 @@ FuzzHelper::run()
     try {
         doChecks();
     } catch (QPDFExc const& e) {
-        std::cerr << "QPDFExc: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "QPDFExc: " << e.what() << '\n';
     } catch (std::runtime_error const& e) {
-        std::cerr << "runtime_error: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "runtime_error: " << e.what() << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -75,9 +75,9 @@ FuzzHelper::doWrite(std::shared_ptr&lt;QPDFWriter&gt; w)
     try {
         w->write();
     } catch (QPDFExc const& e) {
-        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << e.what() << '\n';
     } catch (std::runtime_error const& e) {
-        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << e.what() << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -135,9 +135,9 @@ FuzzHelper::run()
     try {
         doChecks();
     } catch (QPDFExc const& e) {
-        std::cerr << "QPDFExc: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "QPDFExc: " << e.what() << '\n';
     } catch (std::runtime_error const& e) {
-        std::cerr << "runtime_error: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "runtime_error: " << e.what() << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -75,9 +75,9 @@ FuzzHelper::doWrite(std::shared_ptr&lt;QPDFWriter&gt; w)
     try {
         w->write();
     } catch (QPDFExc const& e) {
-        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << e.what() << '\n';
     } catch (std::runtime_error const& e) {
-        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << e.what() << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -133,9 +133,9 @@ FuzzHelper::run()
     try {
         doChecks();
     } catch (QPDFExc const& e) {
-        std::cerr << "QPDFExc: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "QPDFExc: " << e.what() << '\n';
     } catch (std::runtime_error const& e) {
-        std::cerr << "runtime_error: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "runtime_error: " << e.what() << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -75,9 +75,9 @@ FuzzHelper::doWrite(std::shared_ptr&lt;QPDFWriter&gt; w)
     try {
         w->write();
     } catch (QPDFExc const& e) {
-        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << e.what() << '\n';
     } catch (std::runtime_error const& e) {
-        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << e.what() << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -134,9 +134,9 @@ FuzzHelper::run()
     try {
         doChecks();
     } catch (QPDFExc const& e) {
-        std::cerr << "QPDFExc: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "QPDFExc: " << e.what() << '\n';
     } catch (std::runtime_error const& e) {
-        std::cerr << "runtime_error: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "runtime_error: " << e.what() << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -111,9 +111,9 @@ FuzzHelper::run()
     try {
         doChecks();
     } catch (QPDFExc const& e) {
-        std::cerr << "QPDFExc: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "QPDFExc: " << e.what() << '\n';
     } catch (std::runtime_error const& e) {
-        std::cerr << "runtime_error: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "runtime_error: " << e.what() << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -132,9 +132,9 @@ FuzzHelper::run()
     try {
         doChecks();
     } catch (QPDFExc const& e) {
-        std::cerr << "QPDFExc: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "QPDFExc: " << e.what() << '\n';
     } catch (std::runtime_error const& e) {
-        std::cerr << "runtime_error: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "runtime_error: " << e.what() << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ FuzzHelper::run()
     try {
         doChecks();
     } catch (std::runtime_error const& e) {
-        std::cerr << "runtime_error: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "runtime_error: " << e.what() << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ main(int argc, char** argv)
         size_t size = 0;
         QUtil::read_file_into_memory(argv[i], file_buf, size);
         LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(file_buf.get()), size);
-        std::cout << argv[i] << " successful" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << argv[i] << " successful" << '\n';
     }
     return 0;
 }
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ FuzzHelper::run()
     try {
         doChecks();
     } catch (std::runtime_error const& e) {
-        std::cerr << "runtime_error: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "runtime_error: " << e.what() << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -198,13 +198,13 @@ QPDFArgParser::completionCommon(bool zsh)
     if (!zsh) {
         std::cout << " -o nospace";
     }
-    std::cout << " -C \"" << progname << "\" " << m->whoami << std::endl;
+    std::cout << " -C \"" << progname << "\" " << m->whoami << '\n';
     // Put output before error so calling from zsh works properly
     std::string path = progname;
     size_t slash = path.find('/');
     if ((slash != 0) && (slash != std::string::npos)) {
         std::cerr << "WARNING: " << m->whoami << " completion enabled"
-                  << " using relative path to executable" << std::endl;
+                  << " using relative path to executable" << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -666,7 +666,7 @@ QPDFArgParser::handleCompletion()
     std::string prefix = extra_prefix + m->bash_cur;
     for (auto const& iter: m->completions) {
         if (prefix.empty() || (iter.substr(0, prefix.length()) == prefix)) {
-            std::cout << iter << std::endl;
+            std::cout << iter << '\n';
         }
     }
     exit(0);
@@ -729,13 +729,13 @@ QPDFArgParser::addOptionHelp(
 void
 QPDFArgParser::getTopHelp(std::ostringstream& msg)
 {
-    msg << "Run \"" << m->whoami << " --help=topic\" for help on a topic." << std::endl
-        << "Run \"" << m->whoami << " --help=--option\" for help on an option." << std::endl
-        << "Run \"" << m->whoami << " --help=all\" to see all available help." << std::endl
-        << std::endl
-        << "Topics:" << std::endl;
+    msg << "Run \"" << m->whoami << " --help=topic\" for help on a topic." << '\n'
+        << "Run \"" << m->whoami << " --help=--option\" for help on an option." << '\n'
+        << "Run \"" << m->whoami << " --help=all\" to see all available help." << '\n'
+        << '\n'
+        << "Topics:" << '\n';
     for (auto const& i: m->help_topics) {
-        msg << "  " << i.first << ": " << i.second.short_text << std::endl;
+        msg << "  " << i.first << ": " << i.second.short_text << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -746,29 +746,27 @@ QPDFArgParser::getAllHelp(std::ostringstream&amp; msg)
     auto show = [this, &msg](std::map<std::string, HelpTopic>& topics) {
         for (auto const& i: topics) {
             auto const& topic = i.first;
-            msg << std::endl
-                << "== " << topic << " (" << i.second.short_text << ") ==" << std::endl
-                << std::endl;
+            msg << '\n' << "== " << topic << " (" << i.second.short_text << ") ==" << '\n' << '\n';
             getTopicHelp(topic, i.second, msg);
         }
     };
     show(m->help_topics);
     show(m->option_help);
-    msg << std::endl << "====" << std::endl;
+    msg << '\n' << "====" << '\n';
 }
  
 void
 QPDFArgParser::getTopicHelp(std::string const& name, HelpTopic const& ht, std::ostringstream& msg)
 {
     if (ht.long_text.empty()) {
-        msg << ht.short_text << std::endl;
+        msg << ht.short_text << '\n';
     } else {
         msg << ht.long_text;
     }
     if (!ht.options.empty()) {
-        msg << std::endl << "Related options:" << std::endl;
+        msg << '\n' << "Related options:" << '\n';
         for (auto const& i: ht.options) {
-            msg << "  " << i << ": " << m->option_help[i].short_text << std::endl;
+            msg << "  " << i << ": " << m->option_help[i].short_text << '\n';
         }
     }
 }
@@ -630,7 +630,7 @@ QPDFJob::initializeFromJson(std::string const&amp; json, bool partial)
         std::ostringstream msg;
         msg << m->message_prefix << ": job json has errors:";
         for (auto const& error: errors) {
-            msg << std::endl << "  " << error;
+            msg << "\n  " << error;
         }
         throw std::runtime_error(msg.str());
     }
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ QPDF::test_json_validators()
     auto check_fn = [&passed](char const* msg, bool expr) {
         if (!expr) {
             passed = false;
-            std::cerr << msg << std::endl;
+            std::cerr << msg << '\n';
         }
     };
 #define check(expr) check_fn(#expr, expr)
@@ -11,15 +11,15 @@
 static void
 usage()
 {
-    std::cerr << "Usage: aes options hex-key infile outfile" << std::endl
-              << "  -cbc         -- disable CBC mode" << std::endl
-              << "  +cbc         -- enable CBC mode" << std::endl
-              << "  -encrypt     -- encrypt" << std::endl
-              << "  -decrypt     -- decrypt CBC mode" << std::endl
-              << "  -zero-iv     -- use zero initialization vector" << std::endl
-              << "  -static-iv   -- use static initialization vector" << std::endl
-              << "  -no-padding  -- disable padding" << std::endl
-              << "Options must precede key and file names." << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "Usage: aes options hex-key infile outfile" << '\n'
+              << "  -cbc         -- disable CBC mode" << '\n'
+              << "  +cbc         -- enable CBC mode" << '\n'
+              << "  -encrypt     -- encrypt" << '\n'
+              << "  -decrypt     -- decrypt CBC mode" << '\n'
+              << "  -zero-iv     -- use zero initialization vector" << '\n'
+              << "  -static-iv   -- use static initialization vector" << '\n'
+              << "  -no-padding  -- disable padding" << '\n'
+              << "Options must precede key and file names." << '\n';
     exit(2);
 }
  
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ void
 ArgParser::output(std::string const& msg)
 {
     if (!this->ap.isCompleting()) {
-        std::cout << msg << std::endl;
+        std::cout << msg << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ ArgParser::test_exceptions()
             fn();
             assert(msg == nullptr);
         } catch (std::exception& e) {
-            std::cout << msg << ": " << e.what() << std::endl;
+            std::cout << msg << ": " << e.what() << '\n';
         }
     };
  
@@ -196,10 +196,10 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
     try {
         ap.parseArgs();
     } catch (QPDFUsage& e) {
-        std::cerr << "usage: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "usage: " << e.what() << '\n';
         exit(2);
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cerr << "exception: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "exception: " << e.what() << '\n';
         exit(3);
     }
     return 0;
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ main()
         }
         decode.finish();
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << e.what() << '\n';
         exit(2);
     }
  
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ write_some(FILE* f, size_t bytes, Pipeline* p)
     }
     if (len < bytes) {
         if (ferror(f)) {
-            std::cerr << "error reading file" << std::endl;
+            std::cerr << "error reading file" << '\n';
             exit(2);
         }
         p->finish();
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ write_some(FILE* f, size_t bytes, Pipeline* p)
 static void
 usage()
 {
-    std::cerr << "Usage: base64 encode|decode" << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "Usage: base64 encode|decode" << '\n';
     exit(2);
 }
  
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
             }
         }
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cout << "exception: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "exception: " << e.what() << '\n';
         exit(2);
     }
  
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ static void
 print_values(long long byte_offset, size_t bit_offset, size_t bits_available)
 {
     std::cout << "byte offset = " << byte_offset << ", " << "bit offset = " << bit_offset << ", "
-              << "bits available = " << bits_available << std::endl;
+              << "bits available = " << bits_available << '\n';
 }
  
 static void
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ test_read_bits(
 {
     unsigned long result = QIntC::to_ulong(read_bits(p, bit_offset, bits_available, bits_wanted));
  
-    std::cout << "bits read: " << bits_wanted << ", result = " << result << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "bits read: " << bits_wanted << ", result = " << result << '\n';
     print_values(p - buf, bit_offset, bits_available);
 }
  
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ test_write_bits(
 {
     write_bits(ch, bit_offset, val, bits, bp);
     std::cout << "ch = " << QUtil::uint_to_string_base(ch, 16, 2) << ", bit_offset = " << bit_offset
-              << std::endl;
+              << '\n';
 }
  
 static void
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ print_buffer(Pl_Buffer* bp)
     for (unsigned long i = 0; i < l; ++i) {
         std::cout << QUtil::uint_to_string_base(p[i], 16, 2) << ((i == l - 1) ? "\n" : " ");
     }
-    std::cout << std::endl;
+    std::cout << '\n';
     delete b;
 }
  
@@ -86,12 +86,12 @@ test()
     try {
         test_read_bits(buf, p, bit_offset, bits_available, 4);
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cout << "exception: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "exception: " << e.what() << '\n';
         print_values(p - buf, bit_offset, bits_available);
     }
  
     test_read_bits(buf, p, bit_offset, bits_available, 3);
-    std::cout << std::endl;
+    std::cout << '\n';
  
     // 11110101 00010101 01100101 01111001: 00010010 10001001 01110101 01001011
  
@@ -101,29 +101,29 @@ test()
     print_values(p - buf, bit_offset, bits_available);
     test_read_bits(buf, p, bit_offset, bits_available, 32);
     test_read_bits(buf, p, bit_offset, bits_available, 32);
-    std::cout << std::endl;
+    std::cout << '\n';
  
     BitStream b(buf, 8);
-    std::cout << b.getBits(32) << std::endl;
+    std::cout << b.getBits(32) << '\n';
     b.reset();
-    std::cout << b.getBits(32) << std::endl;
-    std::cout << b.getBits(32) << std::endl;
-    std::cout << std::endl;
+    std::cout << b.getBits(32) << '\n';
+    std::cout << b.getBits(32) << '\n';
+    std::cout << '\n';
  
     b.reset();
-    std::cout << b.getBits(6) << std::endl;
+    std::cout << b.getBits(6) << '\n';
     b.skipToNextByte();
-    std::cout << b.getBits(8) << std::endl;
+    std::cout << b.getBits(8) << '\n';
     b.skipToNextByte();
-    std::cout << b.getBits(8) << std::endl;
-    std::cout << std::endl;
+    std::cout << b.getBits(8) << '\n';
+    std::cout << '\n';
     b.reset();
-    std::cout << b.getBitsSigned(3) << std::endl;
-    std::cout << b.getBitsSigned(6) << std::endl;
-    std::cout << b.getBitsSigned(5) << std::endl;
-    std::cout << b.getBitsSigned(1) << std::endl;
-    std::cout << b.getBitsSigned(17) << std::endl;
-    std::cout << std::endl;
+    std::cout << b.getBitsSigned(3) << '\n';
+    std::cout << b.getBitsSigned(6) << '\n';
+    std::cout << b.getBitsSigned(5) << '\n';
+    std::cout << b.getBitsSigned(1) << '\n';
+    std::cout << b.getBitsSigned(17) << '\n';
+    std::cout << '\n';
  
     // Write tests
  
@@ -176,9 +176,9 @@ main()
     try {
         test();
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cout << "unexpected exception: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "unexpected exception: " << e.what() << '\n';
         exit(2);
     }
-    std::cout << "done" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "done" << '\n';
     return 0;
 }
@@ -85,22 +85,22 @@ main()
         bp1.write(uc("12345"), 5);
         bp1.write(uc("67890"), 5);
         bp1.finish();
-        std::cout << "count: " << count.getCount() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "count: " << count.getCount() << '\n';
         bp1.write(uc("abcde"), 5);
         bp1.write(uc("fghij"), 6);
         bp1.finish();
-        std::cout << "count: " << count.getCount() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "count: " << count.getCount() << '\n';
         Buffer* b = bp1.getBuffer();
-        std::cout << "size: " << b->getSize() << std::endl;
-        std::cout << "data: " << b->getBuffer() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "size: " << b->getSize() << '\n';
+        std::cout << "data: " << b->getBuffer() << '\n';
         delete b;
         bp1.write(uc("qwert"), 5);
         bp1.write(uc("yuiop"), 6);
         bp1.finish();
-        std::cout << "count: " << count.getCount() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "count: " << count.getCount() << '\n';
         b = bp1.getBuffer();
-        std::cout << "size: " << b->getSize() << std::endl;
-        std::cout << "data: " << b->getBuffer() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "size: " << b->getSize() << '\n';
+        std::cout << "data: " << b->getBuffer() << '\n';
         delete b;
  
         Pl_Buffer bp2("bp2");
@@ -109,12 +109,12 @@ main()
         try {
             delete bp2.getBuffer();
         } catch (std::exception& e) {
-            std::cout << e.what() << std::endl;
+            std::cout << e.what() << '\n';
         }
         bp2.finish();
         b = bp2.getBuffer();
-        std::cout << "size: " << b->getSize() << std::endl;
-        std::cout << "data: " << b->getBuffer() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "size: " << b->getSize() << '\n';
+        std::cout << "data: " << b->getBuffer() << '\n';
         delete b;
  
         unsigned char lbuf[10];
@@ -125,17 +125,17 @@ main()
  
         Pl_Buffer bp3("bp3");
         b = bp3.getBuffer();
-        std::cout << "size: " << b->getSize() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "size: " << b->getSize() << '\n';
         delete b;
         // Should be able to call getBuffer again and get an empty buffer
         b = bp3.getBuffer();
-        std::cout << "size: " << b->getSize() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "size: " << b->getSize() << '\n';
         delete b;
         // Also can write 0 and do it.
         bp3.write(uc(""), 0);
         bp3.finish();
         b = bp3.getBuffer();
-        std::cout << "size: " << b->getSize() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "size: " << b->getSize() << '\n';
         delete b;
  
         // Malloc buffer should behave similarly.
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ main()
             bp4.getMallocBuffer(&mbuf, &len);
             assert(false);
         } catch (std::logic_error& e) {
-            std::cout << "malloc buffer logic error: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+            std::cout << "malloc buffer logic error: " << e.what() << '\n';
         }
         bp4.finish();
         bp4.getMallocBuffer(&mbuf, &len);
@@ -160,10 +160,10 @@ main()
         assert(mbuf == nullptr);
         assert(len == 0);
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cout << "unexpected exception: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "unexpected exception: " << e.what() << '\n';
         exit(2);
     }
  
-    std::cout << "done" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "done" << '\n';
     return 0;
 }
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ void
 check(std::string const& what, bool result)
 {
     if (!result) {
-        std::cout << "FAIL: " << what << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "FAIL: " << what << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -73,6 +73,6 @@ main()
     std::cout << "testing with FileInputSource\n";
     FileInputSource f("input");
     do_tests(&f);
-    std::cout << "all assertions passed" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "all assertions passed" << '\n';
     return 0;
 }
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
     auto b2_buf = b2.getBufferSharedPointer();
     std::string result(reinterpret_cast<char*>(b2_buf->getBuffer()), b2_buf->getSize());
     if (result == "-one--two-") {
-        std::cout << "concatenate test passed" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "concatenate test passed" << '\n';
     } else {
-        std::cout << "concatenate test failed: " << result << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "concatenate test failed: " << result << '\n';
     }
     return 0;
 }
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 static void
 usage()
 {
-    std::cerr << "Usage: dct_compress infile outfile width height {rgb|cmyk|gray}" << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "Usage: dct_compress infile outfile width height {rgb|cmyk|gray}" << '\n';
     exit(2);
 }
  
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ int
 main(int argc, char* argv[])
 {
     if (argc != 3) {
-        std::cerr << "Usage: dct_uncompress infile outfile" << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "Usage: dct_uncompress infile outfile" << '\n';
         exit(2);
     }
  
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ run(char const* filename)
  
     def3->finish();
  
-    std::cout << "bytes written to o3: " << count3->getCount() << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "bytes written to o3: " << count3->getCount() << '\n';
  
     delete def3;
     delete inf3;
@@ -76,14 +76,14 @@ run(char const* filename)
     // At this point, filename, filename.2, and filename.3 should have
     // identical contents.  filename.1 should be a compressed version.
  
-    std::cout << "done" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "done" << '\n';
 }
  
 int
 main(int argc, char* argv[])
 {
     if (argc != 2) {
-        std::cerr << "Usage: pipeline filename" << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "Usage: pipeline filename" << '\n';
         exit(2);
     }
     char* filename = argv[1];
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
     try {
         run(filename);
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cout << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << e.what() << '\n';
     }
     return 0;
 }
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ main()
         }
         decode.finish();
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << e.what() << '\n';
         exit(2);
     }
  
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ Finder::check()
 void
 check(char const* description, bool expected, bool actual)
 {
-    std::cout << description << ": " << ((actual == expected) ? "PASS" : "FAIL") << std::endl;
+    std::cout << description << ": " << ((actual == expected) ? "PASS" : "FAIL") << '\n';
 }
  
 int
@@ -186,12 +186,12 @@ static void
 check_schema(JSON& obj, JSON& schema, unsigned long flags, bool exp, std::string const& description)
 {
     std::list<std::string> errors;
-    std::cout << "--- " << description << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "--- " << description << '\n';
     assert(exp == obj.checkSchema(schema, flags, errors));
     for (auto const& error: errors) {
-        std::cout << error << std::endl;
+        std::cout << error << '\n';
     }
-    std::cout << "---" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "---" << '\n';
 }
  
 static void
@@ -8,43 +8,43 @@
 static void
 print_null(std::string const& path)
 {
-    std::cout << path << ": null" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << path << ": null" << '\n';
 }
  
 static void
 print_string(std::string const& path, std::string const& value)
 {
-    std::cout << path << ": string: " << value << std::endl;
+    std::cout << path << ": string: " << value << '\n';
 }
  
 static void
 print_number(std::string const& path, std::string const& value)
 {
-    std::cout << path << ": number: " << value << std::endl;
+    std::cout << path << ": number: " << value << '\n';
 }
  
 static void
 print_bool(std::string const& path, bool value)
 {
-    std::cout << path << ": bool: " << (value ? "true" : "false") << std::endl;
+    std::cout << path << ": bool: " << (value ? "true" : "false") << '\n';
 }
  
 static void
 print_json(std::string const& path, JSON value)
 {
-    std::cout << path << ": json: " << value.unparse() << std::endl;
+    std::cout << path << ": json: " << value.unparse() << '\n';
 }
  
 static JSONHandler::void_handler_t
 make_print_message(std::string msg)
 {
-    return [msg](std::string const& path) { std::cout << path << ": json: " << msg << std::endl; };
+    return [msg](std::string const& path) { std::cout << path << ": json: " << msg << '\n'; };
 }
  
 static void
 test_scalar()
 {
-    std::cout << "-- scalar --" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "-- scalar --" << '\n';
     JSONHandler h;
     h.addStringHandler(print_string);
     JSON j = JSON::parse("\"potato\"");
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ make_all_handler()
 static void
 test_all()
 {
-    std::cout << "-- all --" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "-- all --" << '\n';
     auto h = make_all_handler();
     /* cSpell: ignore phour */
     JSON j = JSON::parse(R"({
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ test_all()
    "six": {"a": {"b": "quack", "Q": "baaa"}, "b": "moo"}
 })");
     h->handle(".", j);
-    std::cerr << "-- fallback --" << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "-- fallback --" << '\n';
     j = JSON::parse(R"({
    "five": "not-array"
 })");
@@ -120,14 +120,14 @@ test_all()
 static void
 test_errors()
 {
-    std::cout << "-- errors --" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "-- errors --" << '\n';
     auto h = make_all_handler();
     auto t = [h](std::string const& msg, std::function<void()> fn) {
         try {
             fn();
             assert(false);
         } catch (QPDFUsage& e) {
-            std::cout << msg << ": " << e.what() << std::endl;
+            std::cout << msg << ": " << e.what() << '\n';
         }
     };
  
@@ -26,13 +26,13 @@ namespace
 void
 Reactor::dictionaryStart()
 {
-    std::cout << "dictionary start" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "dictionary start" << '\n';
 }
  
 void
 Reactor::arrayStart()
 {
-    std::cout << "array start" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "array start" << '\n';
 }
  
 void
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ Reactor::containerEnd(JSON const&amp; value)
 void
 Reactor::topLevelScalar()
 {
-    std::cout << "top-level scalar" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "top-level scalar" << '\n';
 }
  
 bool
@@ -74,13 +74,13 @@ Reactor::arrayItem(JSON const&amp; value)
 void
 Reactor::printItem(JSON const& j)
 {
-    std::cout << "[" << j.getStart() << ", " << j.getEnd() << "): " << j.unparse() << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "[" << j.getStart() << ", " << j.getEnd() << "): " << j.unparse() << '\n';
 }
  
 static void
 usage()
 {
-    std::cerr << "Usage: json_parse file [--react]" << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "Usage: json_parse file [--react]" << '\n';
     exit(2);
 }
  
@@ -102,9 +102,9 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
     }
     try {
         FileInputSource is(filename);
-        std::cout << JSON::parse(is, reactor.get()).unparse() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << JSON::parse(is, reactor.get()).unparse() << '\n';
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cerr << "exception: " << filename << ": " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "exception: " << filename << ": " << e.what() << '\n';
         return 2;
     }
     return 0;
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
     }
  
     if (argc < 3) {
-        std::cerr << "Usage: lzw infile outfile [ --no-early-code-change ]" << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "Usage: lzw infile outfile [ --no-early-code-change ]" << '\n';
         exit(2);
     }
  
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
         }
         decode.finish();
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << e.what() << '\n';
         exit(2);
     }
  
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ wmain_test()
     // writable args and function args
     auto realmain = [](int argc, char* argv[]) {
         for (int i = 0; i < argc; ++i) {
-            std::cout << argv[i] << std::endl;
+            std::cout << argv[i] << '\n';
         }
         return 0;
     };
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ cwmain_test()
     // const args and function args
     auto realmain = [](int argc, char const* const argv[]) {
         for (int i = 0; i < argc; ++i) {
-            std::cout << "const " << argv[i] << std::endl;
+            std::cout << "const " << argv[i] << '\n';
         }
         return 0;
     };
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
         wmain_test();
         cwmain_test();
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cout << "unexpected exception: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "unexpected exception: " << e.what() << '\n';
     }
 #endif // QPDF_NO_WCHAR_T
  
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ check(QPDFMatrix const&amp; m, std::string const&amp; exp)
 {
     std::string u = m.unparse();
     if (u != exp) {
-        std::cout << "got " << u << ", wanted " << exp << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "got " << u << ", wanted " << exp << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ check_xy(double x, double y, std::string const&amp; exp)
 {
     std::string u = (QUtil::double_to_string(x, 2) + " " + QUtil::double_to_string(y, 2));
     if (u != exp) {
-        std::cout << "got " << u << ", wanted " << exp << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "got " << u << ", wanted " << exp << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ check_rect(QPDFObjectHandle::Rectangle const&amp; r, double llx, double lly, double 
         (QUtil::double_to_string(llx, 2) + " " + QUtil::double_to_string(lly, 2) + " " +
          QUtil::double_to_string(urx, 2) + " " + QUtil::double_to_string(ury, 2));
     if (actual != wanted) {
-        std::cout << "got " << actual << ", wanted " << wanted << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "got " << actual << ", wanted " << wanted << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -78,6 +78,6 @@ main()
     m.translate(200, -100);
     check_rect(m.transformRectangle(QPDFObjectHandle::Rectangle(10, 20, 30, 50)), 50, 210, 80, 230);
  
-    std::cout << "matrix tests done" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "matrix tests done" << '\n';
     return 0;
 }
@@ -29,16 +29,16 @@ main(int, char*[])
         "1234567890123456789012345678901234567890");
     MD5 a;
     a.encodeFile("md5.in");
-    std::cout << a.unparse() << std::endl;
+    std::cout << a.unparse() << '\n';
     MD5 b;
     b.encodeFile("md5.in", 100);
-    std::cout << b.unparse() << std::endl;
+    std::cout << b.unparse() << '\n';
  
-    std::cout << MD5::checkDataChecksum("900150983cd24fb0d6963f7d28e17f72", "abc", 3) << std::endl
-              << MD5::checkFileChecksum("5f4b4321873433daae578f85c72f9e74", "md5.in") << std::endl
-              << MD5::checkFileChecksum("6f4b4321873433daae578f85c72f9e74", "md5.in") << std::endl
-              << MD5::checkDataChecksum("000150983cd24fb0d6963f7d28e17f72", "abc", 3) << std::endl
-              << MD5::checkFileChecksum("6f4b4321873433daae578f85c72f9e74", "glerbl") << std::endl;
+    std::cout << MD5::checkDataChecksum("900150983cd24fb0d6963f7d28e17f72", "abc", 3) << '\n'
+              << MD5::checkFileChecksum("5f4b4321873433daae578f85c72f9e74", "md5.in") << '\n'
+              << MD5::checkFileChecksum("6f4b4321873433daae578f85c72f9e74", "md5.in") << '\n'
+              << MD5::checkDataChecksum("000150983cd24fb0d6963f7d28e17f72", "abc", 3) << '\n'
+              << MD5::checkFileChecksum("6f4b4321873433daae578f85c72f9e74", "glerbl") << '\n';
  
     Pl_Discard d;
     Pl_MD5 p("MD5", &d);
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ main(int, char*[])
                 p2.write(buf, len);
                 if (i == 1) {
                     // Partial digest -- resets after each call to write
-                    std::cout << p.getHexDigest() << std::endl;
+                    std::cout << p.getHexDigest() << '\n';
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@ main(int, char*[])
         p2.finish();
         // Make sure calling getHexDigest twice with no intervening
         // writes results in the same result each time.
-        std::cout << p.getHexDigest() << std::endl;
-        std::cout << p.getHexDigest() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << p.getHexDigest() << '\n';
+        std::cout << p.getHexDigest() << '\n';
     }
-    std::cout << p2.getHexDigest() << std::endl;
+    std::cout << p2.getHexDigest() << '\n';
  
     return 0;
 }
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ report(QPDF&amp; q, QPDFObjectHandle oh, long long item, long long exp_item)
     auto show = [&failed, &oh, &item]() {
         if (!failed) {
             failed = true;
-            std::cout << "key = " << item << ", oh = " << oh.unparseResolved() << std::endl;
+            std::cout << "key = " << item << ", oh = " << oh.unparseResolved() << '\n';
         }
     };
  
@@ -37,11 +37,11 @@ report(QPDF&amp; q, QPDFObjectHandle oh, long long item, long long exp_item)
  
     if (i1_wanted != i1_actual) {
         show();
-        std::cout << "i1: wanted " << i1_wanted << ", got " << i1_actual << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "i1: wanted " << i1_wanted << ", got " << i1_actual << '\n';
     }
     if (i2_wanted != i2_actual) {
         show();
-        std::cout << "i2: wanted " << i2_wanted << ", got " << i2_actual << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "i2: wanted " << i2_wanted << ", got " << i2_actual << '\n';
     }
  
     return failed;
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ test_bsearch()
     r(d, 25, 20);
  
     if (!any_failures) {
-        std::cout << "bsearch tests passed" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "bsearch tests passed" << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ check_find(QPDFNameTreeObjectHelper&amp; nh, std::string const&amp; key, bool prev_if_no
     } else {
         std::cout << (*i).first << " -> " << (*i).second.unparse();
     }
-    std::cout << std::endl;
+    std::cout << '\n';
 }
  
 void
@@ -183,13 +183,13 @@ test_depth()
     }
  
     QPDFNameTreeObjectHelper nh(n0, q);
-    std::cout << "--- forward ---" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "--- forward ---" << '\n';
     for (auto i: nh) {
-        std::cout << i.first << " -> " << i.second.unparse() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << i.first << " -> " << i.second.unparse() << '\n';
     }
-    std::cout << "--- backward ---" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "--- backward ---" << '\n';
     for (auto i = nh.last(); i.valid(); --i) {
-        std::cout << (*i).first << " -> " << (*i).second.unparse() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << (*i).first << " -> " << (*i).second.unparse() << '\n';
     }
  
     // Find
@@ -5,14 +5,14 @@ static void
 test_numrange(char const* range)
 {
     if (range == nullptr) {
-        std::cout << "null" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "null" << '\n';
     } else {
         std::vector<int> result = QUtil::parse_numrange(range, 15);
         std::cout << "numeric range " << range << " ->";
         for (int i: result) {
             std::cout << " " << i;
         }
-        std::cout << std::endl;
+        std::cout << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
     try {
         test_numrange(argv[1]);
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cout << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << e.what() << '\n';
         return 2;
     }
  
@@ -48,6 +48,6 @@ main()
     assert(PDFVersion(2, 0) == PDFVersion(2, 0));
     assert(PDFVersion(2, 0, 1) == PDFVersion(2, 0, 1));
  
-    std::cout << "PDFVersion assertions passed" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "PDFVersion assertions passed" << '\n';
     return 0;
 }
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ f(unsigned char const* data, size_t len, void* udata)
 {
     auto c = reinterpret_cast<Count*>(udata);
     ++c->count;
-    std::cout << "got " << data << "(" << len << ")" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "got " << data << "(" << len << ")" << '\n';
     if (c->count == 3) {
         return 1;
     }
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ g(char const* data, size_t len, void* udata)
 {
     auto c = reinterpret_cast<Count*>(udata);
     ++c->count;
-    std::cout << "signed got " << data << "(" << len << ")" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "signed got " << data << "(" << len << ")" << '\n';
     if (c->count == 2) {
         return 2;
     }
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ int
 main(int argc, char* argv[])
 {
     Pl_Function p1("p1", nullptr, [](unsigned char const* data, size_t len) {
-        std::cout << "p1: " << len << ": " << data << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "p1: " << len << ": " << data << '\n';
     });
     p1.write(reinterpret_cast<unsigned char const*>("potato"), 6);
  
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
     Pl_String ps("string", nullptr, s);
     Pl_Base64 b("base64", &ps, Pl_Base64::a_encode);
     Pl_Function p2("p2", &b, [](unsigned char const* data, size_t len) {
-        std::cout << "p2: " << len << ": " << data << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "p2: " << len << ": " << data << '\n';
     });
     p2.write(reinterpret_cast<unsigned char const*>("salad"), 5);
     p2.finish();
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
         p3 << "three";
         assert(false);
     } catch (std::runtime_error& e) {
-        std::cout << "three threw " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "three threw " << e.what() << '\n';
     }
     p3 << "four";
     p3.finish();
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
         p4 << "salad";
         assert(false);
     } catch (std::runtime_error& e) {
-        std::cout << "salad threw " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "salad threw " << e.what() << '\n';
     }
     p4 << "quack";
     p4.finish();
@@ -26,24 +26,24 @@ int Object::next_id = 0;
 Object::Object()
 {
     this->id = ++next_id;
-    std::cout << "created Object, id " << this->id << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "created Object, id " << this->id << '\n';
 }
  
 Object::~Object()
 {
-    std::cout << "destroyed Object, id " << this->id << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "destroyed Object, id " << this->id << '\n';
 }
  
 void
 Object::hello()
 {
-    std::cout << "calling Object::hello for " << this->id << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "calling Object::hello for " << this->id << '\n';
 }
  
 void
 Object::hello() const
 {
-    std::cout << "calling Object::hello const for " << this->id << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "calling Object::hello const for " << this->id << '\n';
 }
  
 typedef PointerHolder<Object> ObjectHolder;
@@ -71,27 +71,27 @@ test_ph()
  
     ObjectHolder oh0;
     {
-        std::cout << "hello" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "hello" << '\n';
         auto* o1 = new Object;
         ObjectHolder oh1(o1);
-        std::cout << "oh1 refcount = " << oh1.getRefcount() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "oh1 refcount = " << oh1.getRefcount() << '\n';
         ObjectHolder oh2(oh1);
-        std::cout << "oh1 refcount = " << oh1.getRefcount() << std::endl;
-        std::cout << "oh2 refcount = " << oh2.use_count() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "oh1 refcount = " << oh1.getRefcount() << '\n';
+        std::cout << "oh2 refcount = " << oh2.use_count() << '\n';
         ObjectHolder oh3(new Object);
         ObjectHolder oh4;
         ObjectHolder oh5;
-        std::cout << "oh5 refcount = " << oh5.getRefcount() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "oh5 refcount = " << oh5.getRefcount() << '\n';
         if (oh4 == oh5) {
-            std::cout << "nulls equal" << std::endl;
+            std::cout << "nulls equal" << '\n';
         }
         oh3 = oh1;
         oh4 = oh2;
         if (oh3 == oh4) {
-            std::cout << "equal okay" << std::endl;
+            std::cout << "equal okay" << '\n';
         }
         if ((!(oh3 < oh4)) && (!(oh4 < oh3))) {
-            std::cout << "less than okay" << std::endl;
+            std::cout << "less than okay" << '\n';
         }
         ol1.push_back(oh3);
         ol1.push_back(oh3);
@@ -107,9 +107,9 @@ test_ph()
     callHello(ol1.front());
     callHelloWithGet(ol1.front());
     ol1.pop_front();
-    std::cout << "array" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "array" << '\n';
     PointerHolder<Object> o_arr1_ph(true, new Object[2]);
-    std::cout << "goodbye" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "goodbye" << '\n';
 }
  
 PointerHolder<Object>
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ ph_sp_compat()
 {
     // Ensure bidirectional compatibility between PointerHolder and
     // shared_ptr.
-    std::cout << "compat" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "compat" << '\n';
     PointerHolder<Object> ph_from_ph = make_object_ph();
     std::shared_ptr<Object> sp_from_ph = make_object_ph();
     PointerHolder<Object> ph_from_sp = make_object_sp();
@@ -184,21 +184,21 @@ ph_sp_compat()
     hello_ph_const(sp_const_from_sp);
     PointerHolder<Object> arr1_ph;
     {
-        std::cout << "initialize ph array from shared_ptr" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "initialize ph array from shared_ptr" << '\n';
         std::shared_ptr<Object> arr1(new Object[2], std::default_delete<Object[]>());
         arr1_ph = arr1;
     }
-    std::cout << "delete ph array" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "delete ph array" << '\n';
     arr1_ph = nullptr;
     std::shared_ptr<Object> arr2_sp;
     {
-        std::cout << "initialize sp array from PointerHolder" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "initialize sp array from PointerHolder" << '\n';
         PointerHolder<Object> arr2(true, new Object[2]);
         arr2_sp = arr2;
     }
-    std::cout << "delete sp array" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "delete sp array" << '\n';
     arr2_sp = nullptr;
-    std::cout << "end compat" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "end compat" << '\n';
 }
  
 std::list<PointerHolder<Object>>
@@ -224,13 +224,13 @@ get_sp_list()
 void
 ph_sp_containers()
 {
-    std::cout << "containers" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "containers" << '\n';
     // Demonstrate that using auto makes it easy to switch interfaces
     // from using a container of one shared pointer type to a
     // container of the other.
     auto phl1 = get_ph_list();
     auto phl2 = get_sp_list();
-    std::cout << "end containers" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "end containers" << '\n';
 }
  
 int
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ run(char const* filename,
             samples_per_pixel,
             bits_per_sample);
     } else {
-        std::cerr << "unknown filter " << filter << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "unknown filter " << filter << '\n';
         exit(2);
     }
     assert((2 * (columns + 1)) < 1024);
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ run(char const* filename,
     fclose(o1);
     fclose(in);
  
-    std::cout << "done" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "done" << '\n';
 }
  
 int
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
 {
     if (argc != 7) {
         std::cerr << "Usage: predictor {png|tiff} {en,de}code filename"
-                  << " columns samples-per-pixel bits-per-sample" << std::endl;
+                  << " columns samples-per-pixel bits-per-sample" << '\n';
         exit(2);
     }
     char* filter = argv[1];
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
             QIntC::to_uint(bits_per_sample),
             QIntC::to_uint(samples_per_pixel));
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cout << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << e.what() << '\n';
     }
     return 0;
 }
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ try_convert_real(char const* description, bool exp_pass, To (*fn)(From const&amp;), 
         std::cout << description << ": " << e.what();
         passed = false;
     }
-    std::cout << ((passed == exp_pass) ? " PASSED" : " FAILED") << std::endl;
+    std::cout << ((passed == exp_pass) ? " PASSED" : " FAILED") << '\n';
 }
  
 #define try_range_check(exp_pass, a, b) try_range_check_real(#a " + " #b, exp_pass, a, b)
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ try_range_check_real(char const* description, bool exp_pass, T const&amp; a, T const
         std::cout << description << ": " << e.what();
         passed = false;
     }
-    std::cout << ((passed == exp_pass) ? " PASSED" : " FAILED") << std::endl;
+    std::cout << ((passed == exp_pass) ? " PASSED" : " FAILED") << '\n';
 }
  
 #define try_range_check_subtract(exp_pass, a, b) \
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ try_range_check_subtract_real(char const* description, bool exp_pass, T const&amp; a
         std::cout << description << ": " << e.what();
         passed = false;
     }
-    std::cout << ((passed == exp_pass) ? " PASSED" : " FAILED") << std::endl;
+    std::cout << ((passed == exp_pass) ? " PASSED" : " FAILED") << '\n';
 }
  
 int
@@ -32,13 +32,13 @@ test_to_number(char const* str, int_T wanted, bool error, int_T (*fn)(char const
     }
     if (threw) {
         if (error) {
-            std::cout << str << " to int threw (" << msg << "): PASSED" << std::endl;
+            std::cout << str << " to int threw (" << msg << "): PASSED" << '\n';
         } else {
             std::cout << str << " to int threw but wanted " << wanted << std::endl;
         }
     } else {
         if (worked) {
-            std::cout << str << " to int: PASSED" << std::endl;
+            std::cout << str << " to int: PASSED" << '\n';
         } else {
             std::cout << str << " to int failed; got " << result << std::endl;
         }
@@ -97,51 +97,51 @@ string_conversion_test()
     // Make sure the code produces consistent results even if we load
     // a non-C locale.
     set_locale();
-    std::cout << QUtil::int_to_string(16059) << std::endl
-              << QUtil::int_to_string(16059, 7) << std::endl
-              << QUtil::int_to_string(16059, -7) << std::endl
-              << QUtil::double_to_string(3.14159, 0, false) << std::endl
-              << QUtil::double_to_string(3.14159, 3) << std::endl
-              << QUtil::double_to_string(1000.123, -1024, false) << std::endl
-              << QUtil::double_to_string(.1234, 5, false) << std::endl
-              << QUtil::double_to_string(.0001234, 5) << std::endl
-              << QUtil::double_to_string(.123456, 5) << std::endl
-              << QUtil::double_to_string(.000123456, 5) << std::endl
-              << QUtil::double_to_string(1.01020, 5, true) << std::endl
-              << QUtil::double_to_string(1.00000, 5, true) << std::endl
-              << QUtil::double_to_string(1, 5, true) << std::endl
-              << QUtil::double_to_string(1, 5, false) << std::endl
-              << QUtil::double_to_string(10, 2, false) << std::endl
-              << QUtil::double_to_string(10, 2, true) << std::endl
-              << QUtil::int_to_string_base(16059, 10) << std::endl
-              << QUtil::int_to_string_base(16059, 8) << std::endl
-              << QUtil::int_to_string_base(16059, 16) << std::endl
-              << QUtil::int_to_string_base(5000093552LL, 10) << std::endl;
+    std::cout << QUtil::int_to_string(16059) << '\n'
+              << QUtil::int_to_string(16059, 7) << '\n'
+              << QUtil::int_to_string(16059, -7) << '\n'
+              << QUtil::double_to_string(3.14159, 0, false) << '\n'
+              << QUtil::double_to_string(3.14159, 3) << '\n'
+              << QUtil::double_to_string(1000.123, -1024, false) << '\n'
+              << QUtil::double_to_string(.1234, 5, false) << '\n'
+              << QUtil::double_to_string(.0001234, 5) << '\n'
+              << QUtil::double_to_string(.123456, 5) << '\n'
+              << QUtil::double_to_string(.000123456, 5) << '\n'
+              << QUtil::double_to_string(1.01020, 5, true) << '\n'
+              << QUtil::double_to_string(1.00000, 5, true) << '\n'
+              << QUtil::double_to_string(1, 5, true) << '\n'
+              << QUtil::double_to_string(1, 5, false) << '\n'
+              << QUtil::double_to_string(10, 2, false) << '\n'
+              << QUtil::double_to_string(10, 2, true) << '\n'
+              << QUtil::int_to_string_base(16059, 10) << '\n'
+              << QUtil::int_to_string_base(16059, 8) << '\n'
+              << QUtil::int_to_string_base(16059, 16) << '\n'
+              << QUtil::int_to_string_base(5000093552LL, 10) << '\n';
  
     std::string embedded_null = "one";
     embedded_null += '\0';
     embedded_null += "two";
-    std::cout << embedded_null.c_str() << std::endl;
-    std::cout << embedded_null.length() << std::endl;
+    std::cout << embedded_null.c_str() << '\n';
+    std::cout << embedded_null.length() << '\n';
     char* tmp = QUtil::copy_string(embedded_null);
     if (memcmp(tmp, embedded_null.c_str(), 7) == 0) {
-        std::cout << "compare okay" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "compare okay" << '\n';
     } else {
-        std::cout << "compare failed" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "compare failed" << '\n';
     }
     delete[] tmp;
     // Also test with make_shared_cstr and make_unique_cstr
     auto tmp2 = QUtil::make_shared_cstr(embedded_null);
     if (memcmp(tmp2.get(), embedded_null.c_str(), 7) == 0) {
-        std::cout << "compare okay" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "compare okay" << '\n';
     } else {
-        std::cout << "compare failed" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "compare failed" << '\n';
     }
     auto tmp3 = QUtil::make_unique_cstr(embedded_null);
     if (memcmp(tmp3.get(), embedded_null.c_str(), 7) == 0) {
-        std::cout << "compare okay" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "compare okay" << '\n';
     } else {
-        std::cout << "compare failed" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "compare failed" << '\n';
     }
  
     std::string int_max_str = QUtil::int_to_string(INT_MAX);
@@ -171,11 +171,11 @@ void
 os_wrapper_test()
 {
     try {
-        std::cout << "before remove" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "before remove" << '\n';
         QUtil::os_wrapper("remove file", remove("/this/file/does/not/exist"));
-        std::cout << "after remove" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "after remove" << '\n';
     } catch (std::runtime_error& s) {
-        std::cout << "exception: " << s.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "exception: " << s.what() << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -183,12 +183,12 @@ void
 fopen_wrapper_test()
 {
     try {
-        std::cout << "before fopen" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "before fopen" << '\n';
         FILE* f = QUtil::safe_fopen("/this/file/does/not/exist", "r");
-        std::cout << "after fopen" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "after fopen" << '\n';
         (void)fclose(f);
     } catch (QPDFSystemError& s) {
-        std::cout << "exception: " << s.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "exception: " << s.what() << '\n';
         assert(s.getErrno() != 0);
     }
  
@@ -200,10 +200,9 @@ void
 getenv_test()
 {
     std::string val;
-    std::cout << "IN_TESTSUITE: " << QUtil::get_env("IN_TESTSUITE", &val) << ": " << val
-              << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "IN_TESTSUITE: " << QUtil::get_env("IN_TESTSUITE", &val) << ": " << val << '\n';
     // Hopefully this environment variable is not defined.
-    std::cout << "HAGOOGAMAGOOGLE: " << QUtil::get_env("HAGOOGAMAGOOGLE") << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "HAGOOGAMAGOOGLE: " << QUtil::get_env("HAGOOGAMAGOOGLE") << '\n';
 }
  
 static void
@@ -223,7 +222,7 @@ print_utf8(unsigned long val)
                              static_cast<int>(static_cast<unsigned char>(ch)), 16, 2);
         }
     }
-    std::cout << std::endl;
+    std::cout << '\n';
  
     // Boundary conditions for QUtil::get_next_utf8_codepoint, which is
     // also tested indirectly through test_pdf_unicode.cc.
@@ -264,7 +263,7 @@ to_utf8_test()
     try {
         print_utf8(0x80000000UL);
     } catch (std::runtime_error& e) {
-        std::cout << "0x80000000: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "0x80000000: " << e.what() << '\n';
     }
  
     // Overlong characters: characters represented by more bytes than necessary.
@@ -296,7 +295,7 @@ print_utf16(unsigned long val)
                   << QUtil::int_to_string_base(
                          static_cast<int>(static_cast<unsigned char>(ch)), 16, 2);
     }
-    std::cout << std::endl;
+    std::cout << '\n';
 }
  
 void
@@ -311,24 +310,24 @@ to_utf16_test()
     print_utf16(0x80000000UL);
  
     std::string s(QUtil::utf8_to_utf16("\xcf\x80"));
-    std::cout << QUtil::utf16_to_utf8(s) << std::endl;
-    std::cout << QUtil::utf16_to_utf8(s + ".") << std::endl;
-    std::cout << "LE: " << QUtil::utf16_to_utf8("\xff\xfe\xc0\x03") << std::endl;
+    std::cout << QUtil::utf16_to_utf8(s) << '\n';
+    std::cout << QUtil::utf16_to_utf8(s + ".") << '\n';
+    std::cout << "LE: " << QUtil::utf16_to_utf8("\xff\xfe\xc0\x03") << '\n';
 }
  
 void
 utf8_to_ascii_test()
 {
     char const* input = "\302\277Does \317\200 have fingers?";
-    std::cout << input << std::endl
-              << QUtil::utf8_to_ascii(input) << std::endl
-              << QUtil::utf8_to_ascii(input, '*') << std::endl;
+    std::cout << input << '\n'
+              << QUtil::utf8_to_ascii(input) << '\n'
+              << QUtil::utf8_to_ascii(input, '*') << '\n';
     std::string a = QUtil::utf8_to_win_ansi(input, '*');
     std::string b = QUtil::utf8_to_mac_roman(input, '*');
     std::cout << "<" << QUtil::int_to_string_base(static_cast<unsigned char>(a.at(0)), 16, 2) << ">"
-              << a.substr(1) << std::endl
+              << a.substr(1) << '\n'
               << "<" << QUtil::int_to_string_base(static_cast<unsigned char>(b.at(0)), 16, 2) << ">"
-              << b.substr(1) << std::endl;
+              << b.substr(1) << '\n';
 }
  
 void
@@ -349,7 +348,7 @@ transcoding_test(
         back = (*from_utf8)(out, '?');
         if (back != wanted) {
             std::cout << i << ": " << in << " -> " << out << " -> " << back << " (wanted " << wanted
-                      << ")" << std::endl;
+                      << ")" << '\n';
         }
     }
 }
@@ -363,7 +362,7 @@ check_analyze(std::string const&amp; str, bool has8bit, bool utf8, bool utf16)
     QUtil::analyze_encoding(str, has_8bit_chars, is_valid_utf8, is_utf16);
     if (!((has_8bit_chars == has8bit) && (is_valid_utf8 == utf8) && (is_utf16 == utf16))) {
         std::cout << "analysis failed: " << str << ": 8bit: " << has_8bit_chars
-                  << ", utf8: " << is_valid_utf8 << ", utf16: " << is_utf16 << std::endl;
+                  << ", utf8: " << is_valid_utf8 << ", utf16: " << is_utf16 << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -373,7 +372,7 @@ print_alternatives(std::string const&amp; str)
     std::vector<std::string> result = QUtil::possible_repaired_encodings(str);
     size_t n = result.size();
     for (size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
-        std::cout << i << ": " << QUtil::hex_encode(result.at(i)) << std::endl;
+        std::cout << i << ": " << QUtil::hex_encode(result.at(i)) << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -381,20 +380,20 @@ void
 transcoding_test()
 {
     transcoding_test(&QUtil::pdf_doc_to_utf8, &QUtil::utf8_to_pdf_doc, 127, 160, "\x9f");
-    std::cout << "bidirectional pdf doc done" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "bidirectional pdf doc done" << '\n';
     transcoding_test(&QUtil::pdf_doc_to_utf8, &QUtil::utf8_to_pdf_doc, 24, 31, "?");
-    std::cout << "bidirectional pdf doc low done" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "bidirectional pdf doc low done" << '\n';
     transcoding_test(&QUtil::win_ansi_to_utf8, &QUtil::utf8_to_win_ansi, 128, 160, "?");
-    std::cout << "bidirectional win ansi done" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "bidirectional win ansi done" << '\n';
     transcoding_test(&QUtil::mac_roman_to_utf8, &QUtil::utf8_to_mac_roman, 128, 255, "?");
-    std::cout << "bidirectional mac roman done" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "bidirectional mac roman done" << '\n';
     check_analyze("pi = \317\200", true, true, false);
     check_analyze("pi != \317", true, false, false);
     check_analyze("pi != 22/7", false, false, false);
     check_analyze("\xE0\x80\x82", true, false, false);
     check_analyze(std::string("\xfe\xff\x00\x51", 4), true, false, true);
     check_analyze(std::string("\xff\xfe\x51\x00", 4), true, false, true);
-    std::cout << "analysis done" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "analysis done" << '\n';
     std::string input1("a\302\277b");
     std::string input2("a\317\200b");
     std::string input3("ab");
@@ -411,7 +410,7 @@ transcoding_test()
     assert(QUtil::utf8_to_pdf_doc(input1, output));
     assert(!QUtil::utf8_to_pdf_doc(input2, output));
     assert(QUtil::utf8_to_pdf_doc(input3, output));
-    std::cout << "alternatives" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "alternatives" << '\n';
     // char     name            mac     win     pdf-doc
     // U+0192   florin          304     203     206
     // U+00A9   copyright       251     251     251
@@ -422,18 +421,18 @@ transcoding_test()
     print_alternatives(pdfdoc);
     print_alternatives(utf8);
     print_alternatives("quack");
-    std::cout << "done alternatives" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "done alternatives" << '\n';
     // These are characters are either valid in PDFDoc and invalid in
     // UTF-8 or the other way around.
     std::string other("w\x18w\x19w\x1aw\x1bw\x1cw\x1dw\x1ew\x1fw\x7fw");
     // cSpell: ignore xadw
     std::string other_doc = other + "\x9fw\xadw";
-    std::cout << QUtil::pdf_doc_to_utf8(other_doc) << std::endl;
+    std::cout << QUtil::pdf_doc_to_utf8(other_doc) << '\n';
     std::string other_utf8 = other + QUtil::toUTF8(0x9f) + "w" + QUtil::toUTF8(0xad) + "w";
     std::string other_to_utf8;
     assert(!QUtil::utf8_to_pdf_doc(other_utf8, other_to_utf8));
-    std::cout << other_to_utf8 << std::endl;
-    std::cout << "done other characters" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << other_to_utf8 << '\n';
+    std::cout << "done other characters" << '\n';
     // These valid UTF8 strings when converted to PDFDoc would end up
     // with a byte sequence that would be recognized as UTF-8 or
     // UTF-16 rather than PDFDoc. A special case is required to store
@@ -455,7 +454,7 @@ void
 print_whoami(char const* str)
 {
     auto dup = QUtil::make_unique_cstr(str);
-    std::cout << QUtil::getWhoami(dup.get()) << std::endl;
+    std::cout << QUtil::getWhoami(dup.get()) << '\n';
 }
  
 void
@@ -473,7 +472,7 @@ assert_same_file(char const* file1, char const* file2, bool expected)
     bool actual = QUtil::same_file(file1, file2);
     std::cout << "file1: -" << (file1 ? file1 : "(null)") << "-, file2: -"
               << (file2 ? file2 : "(null)") << "-; same: " << actual << ": "
-              << ((actual == expected) ? "PASS" : "FAIL") << std::endl;
+              << ((actual == expected) ? "PASS" : "FAIL") << '\n';
 }
  
 void
@@ -501,7 +500,7 @@ path_test()
     auto check = [](bool print, std::string const& a, std::string const& b) {
         auto result = QUtil::path_basename(a);
         if (print) {
-            std::cout << a << " -> " << result << std::endl;
+            std::cout << a << " -> " << result << '\n';
         }
         assert(result == b);
     };
@@ -523,7 +522,7 @@ read_from_file_test()
 {
     std::list<std::string> lines = QUtil::read_lines_from_file("other-file");
     for (auto const& line: lines) {
-        std::cout << line << std::endl;
+        std::cout << line << '\n';
     }
     // Test the other versions and make sure we get the same results
     {
@@ -561,7 +560,7 @@ read_from_file_test()
     std::shared_ptr<char> buf;
     size_t size = 0;
     QUtil::read_file_into_memory("other-file", buf, size);
-    std::cout << "read " << size << " bytes" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "read " << size << " bytes" << '\n';
     char const* p = buf.get();
     assert(size == 24652);
     assert(memcmp(p, "This file is used for qutil testing.", 36) == 0);
@@ -575,7 +574,7 @@ read_from_file_test()
     assert(memcmp(buf2->getBuffer(), p, size) == 0);
  
     auto s = QUtil::read_file_into_string("other-file");
-    std::cout << "read " << s.size() << " bytes" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "read " << s.size() << " bytes" << '\n';
     assert(s.size() == 24652);
     assert(s.substr(0, 36) == "This file is used for qutil testing.");
     assert(s.substr(24641, 10) == "very long.");
@@ -587,7 +586,7 @@ assert_hex_encode(std::string const&amp; input, std::string const&amp; expected)
     std::string actual = QUtil::hex_encode(input);
     if (expected != actual) {
         std::cout << "hex encode " << input << ": expected = " << expected
-                  << "; actual = " << actual << std::endl;
+                  << "; actual = " << actual << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -597,7 +596,7 @@ assert_hex_decode(std::string const&amp; input, std::string const&amp; expected)
     std::string actual = QUtil::hex_decode(input);
     if (expected != actual) {
         std::cout << "hex encode " << input << ": expected = " << expected
-                  << "; actual = " << actual << std::endl;
+                  << "; actual = " << actual << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -639,31 +638,31 @@ rename_delete_test()
     } catch (QPDFSystemError&) {
     }
     assert_no_file("old\xcf\x80");
-    std::cout << "create file" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "create file" << '\n';
     ;
     FILE* f1 = QUtil::safe_fopen("old\xcf\x80", "w");
     fprintf(f1, "one");
     fclose(f1);
     QUtil::read_file_into_memory("old\xcf\x80", buf, size);
     assert(memcmp(buf.get(), "one", 3) == 0);
-    std::cout << "rename file" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "rename file" << '\n';
     ;
     QUtil::rename_file("old\xcf\x80", "old\xcf\x80.~tmp");
     QUtil::read_file_into_memory("old\xcf\x80.~tmp", buf, size);
     assert(memcmp(buf.get(), "one", 3) == 0);
     assert_no_file("old\xcf\x80");
-    std::cout << "create file" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "create file" << '\n';
     ;
     f1 = QUtil::safe_fopen("old\xcf\x80", "w");
     fprintf(f1, "two");
     fclose(f1);
-    std::cout << "rename over existing" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "rename over existing" << '\n';
     ;
     QUtil::rename_file("old\xcf\x80", "old\xcf\x80.~tmp");
     QUtil::read_file_into_memory("old\xcf\x80.~tmp", buf, size);
     assert(memcmp(buf.get(), "two", 3) == 0);
     assert_no_file("old\xcf\x80");
-    std::cout << "delete file" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "delete file" << '\n';
     ;
     QUtil::remove_file("old\xcf\x80.~tmp");
     assert_no_file("old\xcf\x80");
@@ -676,7 +675,7 @@ timestamp_test()
     auto check = [](QUtil::QPDFTime const& t) {
         std::string pdf = QUtil::qpdf_time_to_pdf_time(t);
         std::string iso8601 = QUtil::qpdf_time_to_iso8601(t);
-        std::cout << pdf << std::endl << iso8601 << std::endl;
+        std::cout << pdf << '\n' << iso8601 << '\n';
         QUtil::QPDFTime t2;
         std::string iso8601_2;
         assert(QUtil::pdf_time_to_qpdf_time(pdf, &t2));
@@ -704,7 +703,7 @@ is_long_long_test()
 {
     auto check = [](char const* s, bool v) {
         if (QUtil::is_long_long(s) != v) {
-            std::cout << "failed: " << s << std::endl;
+            std::cout << "failed: " << s << '\n';
         }
     };
     check("12312312", true);
@@ -719,7 +718,7 @@ is_long_long_test()
     check("123123123123123123123123123123123123", false);
     check("potato", false);
     check("0123", false);
-    std::cout << "done" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "done" << '\n';
 }
  
 void
@@ -731,49 +730,49 @@ memory_usage_test()
         auto u2 = QUtil::get_max_memory_usage();
         assert(u2 > u1);
     }
-    std::cout << "memory usage okay" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "memory usage okay" << '\n';
 }
  
 int
 main(int argc, char* argv[])
 {
     try {
-        std::cout << "---- string conversion" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "---- string conversion" << '\n';
         string_conversion_test();
-        std::cout << "---- os wrapper" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "---- os wrapper" << '\n';
         os_wrapper_test();
-        std::cout << "---- fopen" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "---- fopen" << '\n';
         fopen_wrapper_test();
-        std::cout << "---- getenv" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "---- getenv" << '\n';
         getenv_test();
-        std::cout << "---- utf8" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "---- utf8" << '\n';
         to_utf8_test();
-        std::cout << "---- utf16" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "---- utf16" << '\n';
         to_utf16_test();
-        std::cout << "---- utf8_to_ascii" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "---- utf8_to_ascii" << '\n';
         utf8_to_ascii_test();
-        std::cout << "---- transcoding" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "---- transcoding" << '\n';
         transcoding_test();
-        std::cout << "---- whoami" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "---- whoami" << '\n';
         get_whoami_test();
-        std::cout << "---- file" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "---- file" << '\n';
         same_file_test();
-        std::cout << "---- path" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "---- path" << '\n';
         path_test();
-        std::cout << "---- read from file" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "---- read from file" << '\n';
         read_from_file_test();
-        std::cout << "---- hex encode/decode" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "---- hex encode/decode" << '\n';
         hex_encode_decode_test();
-        std::cout << "---- rename/delete" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "---- rename/delete" << '\n';
         rename_delete_test();
-        std::cout << "---- timestamp" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "---- timestamp" << '\n';
         timestamp_test();
-        std::cout << "---- is_long_long" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "---- is_long_long" << '\n';
         is_long_long_test();
-        std::cout << "---- memory usage" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "---- memory usage" << '\n';
         memory_usage_test();
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cout << "unexpected exception: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "unexpected exception: " << e.what() << '\n';
     }
  
     return 0;
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ other_tests()
     memcpy(data.get(), "potato", 6);
     r.process(data.get(), 6, data.get());
     assert(memcmp(data.get(), "\xa5\x6f\xe7\x27\x2b\x5c", 6) == 0);
-    std::cout << "passed" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "passed" << '\n';
 }
  
 int
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
     }
  
     if (argc != 4) {
-        std::cerr << "Usage: rc4 hex-key infile outfile" << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "Usage: rc4 hex-key infile outfile" << '\n';
         exit(2);
     }
  
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ int
 main(int argc, char* argv[])
 {
     if (argc != 4) {
-        std::cerr << "Usage: runlength {-encode|-decode} infile outfile" << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "Usage: runlength {-encode|-decode} infile outfile" << '\n';
         exit(2);
     }
  
@@ -118,6 +118,6 @@ main()
     } catch (std::logic_error&) {
     }
  
-    std::cout << "sparse array tests done" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "sparse array tests done" << '\n';
     return 0;
 }
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ QdfFixer::QdfFixer(std::string const&amp; filename, std::ostream&amp; out) :
 void
 QdfFixer::fatal(std::string const& msg)
 {
-    std::cerr << msg << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << msg << '\n';
     exit(2);
 }
  
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ realmain(int argc, char* argv[])
     if (argc > 3) {
         usage();
     } else if ((argc > 1) && (strcmp(argv[1], "--version") == 0)) {
-        std::cout << whoami << " from qpdf version " << QPDF::QPDFVersion() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << whoami << " from qpdf version " << QPDF::QPDFVersion() << '\n';
         return 0;
     } else if ((argc > 1) && (strcmp(argv[1], "--help") == 0)) {
         usage();
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ realmain(int argc, char* argv[])
         QdfFixer qf(filename, out ? *out : std::cout);
         qf.processLines(input);
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cerr << whoami << ": error: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << whoami << ": error: " << e.what() << '\n';
         exit(qpdf_exit_error);
     }
     return 0;
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ static char const* whoami = nullptr;
 void
 usage()
 {
-    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " n" << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " n\n";
     exit(2);
 }
  
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ runtest(int n)
         throw std::runtime_error(std::string("invalid test ") + std::to_string(n));
     }
  
-    std::cout << "test " << n << " done" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "test " << n << " done\n";
 }
  
 int
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
         int n = QUtil::string_to_int(argv[1]);
         runtest(n);
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << e.what() << '\n';
         exit(2);
     }
  
@@ -11,15 +11,15 @@ static char const* whoami = nullptr;
 static void
 usageExit(std::string const& msg)
 {
-    std::cerr << std::endl
-              << whoami << ": " << msg << std::endl
-              << std::endl
-              << "For help:" << std::endl
-              << "  " << whoami << " --help=usage       usage information" << std::endl
-              << "  " << whoami << " --help=topic       help on a topic" << std::endl
-              << "  " << whoami << " --help=--option    help on an option" << std::endl
-              << "  " << whoami << " --help             general help and a topic list" << std::endl
-              << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << '\n'
+              << whoami << ": " << msg << '\n'
+              << '\n'
+              << "For help:\n"
+              << "  " << whoami << " --help=usage       usage information\n"
+              << "  " << whoami << " --help=topic       help on a topic\n"
+              << "  " << whoami << " --help=--option    help on an option\n"
+              << "  " << whoami << " --help             general help and a topic list\n"
+              << '\n';
     exit(QPDFJob::EXIT_ERROR);
 }
  
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ realmain(int argc, char* argv[])
     } catch (QPDFUsage& e) {
         usageExit(e.what());
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cerr << whoami << ": " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << whoami << ": " << e.what() << '\n';
         return QPDFJob::EXIT_ERROR;
     }
     return j.getExitCode();
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ static char const* whoami = nullptr;
 void
 usage()
 {
-    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " n filename1 [arg2]" << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " n filename1 [arg2]" << '\n';
     exit(2);
 }
  
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ ExtendNameTree::ExtendNameTree(QPDFObjectHandle o, QPDF&amp; q) :
  
 ExtendNameTree::~ExtendNameTree()
 {
-    std::cout << "~ExtendNameTree called" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "~ExtendNameTree called" << '\n';
 }
  
 class Provider: public QPDFObjectHandle::StreamDataProvider
@@ -104,30 +104,30 @@ class ParserCallbacks: public QPDFObjectHandle::ParserCallbacks
 void
 ParserCallbacks::contentSize(size_t size)
 {
-    std::cout << "content size: " << size << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "content size: " << size << '\n';
 }
  
 void
 ParserCallbacks::handleObject(QPDFObjectHandle obj, size_t offset, size_t length)
 {
     if (obj.isName() && (obj.getName() == "/Abort")) {
-        std::cout << "test suite: terminating parsing" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "test suite: terminating parsing" << '\n';
         terminateParsing();
     }
     std::cout << obj.getTypeName() << ", offset=" << offset << ", length=" << length << ": ";
     if (obj.isInlineImage()) {
         // Exercise getTypeCode
         assert(obj.getTypeCode() == ::ot_inlineimage);
-        std::cout << QUtil::hex_encode(obj.getInlineImageValue()) << std::endl;
+        std::cout << QUtil::hex_encode(obj.getInlineImageValue()) << '\n';
     } else {
-        std::cout << obj.unparse() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << obj.unparse() << '\n';
     }
 }
  
 void
 ParserCallbacks::handleEOF()
 {
-    std::cout << "-EOF-" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "-EOF-" << '\n';
 }
  
 class TokenFilter: public QPDFObjectHandle::TokenFilter
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ checkPageContents(QPDFObjectHandle page, std::string const&amp; wanted_string)
 {
     std::string contents = getPageContents(page);
     if (contents.find(wanted_string) == std::string::npos) {
-        std::cout << "didn't find " << wanted_string << " in " << contents << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "didn't find " << wanted_string << " in " << contents << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -207,77 +207,77 @@ test_0_1(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
         // any difference between a key that is present and null
         // and a key that is absent.
         QTC::TC("qpdf", "main QTest implicit");
-        std::cout << "/QTest is implicit" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "/QTest is implicit" << '\n';
     }
  
     QTC::TC("qpdf", "main QTest indirect", qtest.isIndirect() ? 1 : 0);
     std::cout << "/QTest is " << (qtest.isIndirect() ? "in" : "") << "direct and has type "
-              << qtest.getTypeName() << " (" << qtest.getTypeCode() << ")" << std::endl;
+              << qtest.getTypeName() << " (" << qtest.getTypeCode() << ")" << '\n';
  
     if (qtest.isNull()) {
         QTC::TC("qpdf", "main QTest null");
-        std::cout << "/QTest is null" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "/QTest is null" << '\n';
     } else if (qtest.isBool()) {
         QTC::TC("qpdf", "main QTest bool", qtest.getBoolValue() ? 1 : 0);
         std::cout << "/QTest is Boolean with value " << (qtest.getBoolValue() ? "true" : "false")
-                  << std::endl;
+                  << '\n';
     } else if (qtest.isInteger()) {
         QTC::TC("qpdf", "main QTest int");
-        std::cout << "/QTest is an integer with value " << qtest.getIntValue() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "/QTest is an integer with value " << qtest.getIntValue() << '\n';
     } else if (qtest.isReal()) {
         QTC::TC("qpdf", "main QTest real");
-        std::cout << "/QTest is a real number with value " << qtest.getRealValue() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "/QTest is a real number with value " << qtest.getRealValue() << '\n';
     } else if (qtest.isName()) {
         QTC::TC("qpdf", "main QTest name");
-        std::cout << "/QTest is a name with value " << qtest.getName() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "/QTest is a name with value " << qtest.getName() << '\n';
     } else if (qtest.isString()) {
         QTC::TC("qpdf", "main QTest string");
-        std::cout << "/QTest is a string with value " << qtest.getStringValue() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "/QTest is a string with value " << qtest.getStringValue() << '\n';
     } else if (qtest.isArray()) {
         QTC::TC("qpdf", "main QTest array");
-        std::cout << "/QTest is an array with " << qtest.getArrayNItems() << " items" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "/QTest is an array with " << qtest.getArrayNItems() << " items" << '\n';
         int i = 0;
         for (auto& iter: qtest.aitems()) {
             QTC::TC("qpdf", "main QTest array indirect", iter.isIndirect() ? 1 : 0);
             std::cout << "  item " << i << " is " << (iter.isIndirect() ? "in" : "") << "direct"
-                      << std::endl;
+                      << '\n';
             ++i;
         }
     } else if (qtest.isDictionary()) {
         QTC::TC("qpdf", "main QTest dictionary");
-        std::cout << "/QTest is a dictionary" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "/QTest is a dictionary" << '\n';
         for (auto& iter: qtest.ditems()) {
             QTC::TC("qpdf", "main QTest dictionary indirect", iter.second.isIndirect() ? 1 : 0);
             std::cout << "  " << iter.first << " is " << (iter.second.isIndirect() ? "in" : "")
-                      << "direct" << std::endl;
+                      << "direct" << '\n';
         }
     } else if (qtest.isStream()) {
         QTC::TC("qpdf", "main QTest stream");
-        std::cout << "/QTest is a stream.  Dictionary: " << qtest.getDict().unparse() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "/QTest is a stream.  Dictionary: " << qtest.getDict().unparse() << '\n';
  
-        std::cout << "Raw stream data:" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "Raw stream data:" << '\n';
         std::cout.flush();
         QUtil::binary_stdout();
         auto out = std::make_shared<Pl_StdioFile>("raw", stdout);
         qtest.pipeStreamData(out.get(), 0, qpdf_dl_none);
  
-        std::cout << std::endl << "Uncompressed stream data:" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << '\n' << "Uncompressed stream data:" << '\n';
         if (qtest.pipeStreamData(nullptr, 0, qpdf_dl_all)) {
             std::cout.flush();
             QUtil::binary_stdout();
             out = std::make_shared<Pl_StdioFile>("filtered", stdout);
             qtest.pipeStreamData(out.get(), 0, qpdf_dl_all);
-            std::cout << std::endl << "End of stream data" << std::endl;
+            std::cout << '\n' << "End of stream data" << '\n';
         } else {
-            std::cout << "Stream data is not filterable." << std::endl;
+            std::cout << "Stream data is not filterable." << '\n';
         }
     } else {
         // Should not happen!
-        std::cout << "/QTest is an unknown object" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "/QTest is an unknown object" << '\n';
     }
  
-    std::cout << "unparse: " << qtest.unparse() << std::endl
-              << "unparseResolved: " << qtest.unparseResolved() << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "unparse: " << qtest.unparse() << '\n'
+              << "unparseResolved: " << qtest.unparseResolved() << '\n';
 }
  
 static void
@@ -287,12 +287,12 @@ test_2(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
     // PDF file.
  
     QPDFObjectHandle trailer = pdf.getTrailer();
-    std::cout << trailer.getKey("/Info").getKey("/CreationDate").getStringValue() << std::endl;
-    std::cout << trailer.getKey("/Info").getKey("/Producer").getStringValue() << std::endl;
+    std::cout << trailer.getKey("/Info").getKey("/CreationDate").getStringValue() << '\n';
+    std::cout << trailer.getKey("/Info").getKey("/Producer").getStringValue() << '\n';
  
     QPDFObjectHandle encrypt = trailer.getKey("/Encrypt");
-    std::cout << encrypt.getKey("/O").unparse() << std::endl;
-    std::cout << encrypt.getKey("/U").unparse() << std::endl;
+    std::cout << encrypt.getKey("/O").unparse() << '\n';
+    std::cout << encrypt.getKey("/U").unparse() << '\n';
  
     QPDFObjectHandle root = pdf.getRoot();
     QPDFObjectHandle pages = root.getKey("/Pages");
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ test_3(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
     QPDFObjectHandle streams = pdf.getTrailer().getKey("/QStreams");
     for (int i = 0; i < streams.getArrayNItems(); ++i) {
         QPDFObjectHandle stream = streams.getArrayItem(i);
-        std::cout << "-- stream " << i << " --" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "-- stream " << i << " --" << '\n';
         std::cout.flush();
         QUtil::binary_stdout();
         auto out = std::make_shared<Pl_StdioFile>("tokenized stream", stdout);
@@ -374,44 +374,44 @@ test_5(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
     int pageno = 0;
     for (auto& page: QPDFPageDocumentHelper(pdf).getAllPages()) {
         ++pageno;
-        std::cout << "page " << pageno << ":" << std::endl;
-        std::cout << "  images:" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "page " << pageno << ":" << '\n';
+        std::cout << "  images:" << '\n';
         for (auto const& iter2: page.getImages()) {
             std::string const& name = iter2.first;
             QPDFObjectHandle image = iter2.second;
             QPDFObjectHandle dict = image.getDict();
             long long width = dict.getKey("/Width").getIntValue();
             long long height = dict.getKey("/Height").getIntValue();
-            std::cout << "    " << name << ": " << width << " x " << height << std::endl;
+            std::cout << "    " << name << ": " << width << " x " << height << '\n';
         }
  
-        std::cout << "  content:" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "  content:" << '\n';
         std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> content = page.getPageContents();
         for (auto& iter2: content) {
-            std::cout << "    " << iter2.unparse() << std::endl;
+            std::cout << "    " << iter2.unparse() << '\n';
         }
  
-        std::cout << "end page " << pageno << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "end page " << pageno << '\n';
     }
  
     QPDFObjectHandle root = pdf.getRoot();
     QPDFObjectHandle qstrings = root.getKey("/QStrings");
     if (qstrings.isArray()) {
-        std::cout << "QStrings:" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "QStrings:" << '\n';
         int nitems = qstrings.getArrayNItems();
         for (int i = 0; i < nitems; ++i) {
-            std::cout << qstrings.getArrayItem(i).getUTF8Value() << std::endl;
+            std::cout << qstrings.getArrayItem(i).getUTF8Value() << '\n';
         }
     }
  
     QPDFObjectHandle qnumbers = root.getKey("/QNumbers");
     if (qnumbers.isArray()) {
-        std::cout << "QNumbers:" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "QNumbers:" << '\n';
         int nitems = qnumbers.getArrayNItems();
         for (int i = 0; i < nitems; ++i) {
             std::cout << QUtil::double_to_string(
                              qnumbers.getArrayItem(i).getNumericValue(), 3, false)
-                      << std::endl;
+                      << '\n';
         }
     }
 }
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ test_6(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
         cleartext = true;
     }
     std::cout << "encrypted=" << (pdf.isEncrypted() ? 1 : 0)
-              << "; cleartext=" << (cleartext ? 1 : 0) << std::endl;
+              << "; cleartext=" << (cleartext ? 1 : 0) << '\n';
 }
  
 static void
@@ -483,9 +483,9 @@ test_8(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
     provider->badLength(true);
     try {
         qstream.getStreamData();
-        std::cout << "oops -- getStreamData didn't throw" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "oops -- getStreamData didn't throw" << '\n';
     } catch (std::exception const& e) {
-        std::cout << "exception: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "exception: " << e.what() << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -501,9 +501,9 @@ test_9(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
     QPDFObjectHandle rstream = QPDFObjectHandle::newStream(&pdf);
     try {
         rstream.getStreamData();
-        std::cout << "oops -- getStreamData didn't throw" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "oops -- getStreamData didn't throw" << '\n';
     } catch (std::logic_error const& e) {
-        std::cout << "exception: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "exception: " << e.what() << '\n';
     }
     rstream.replaceStreamData(
         "data for other stream\n", QPDFObjectHandle::newNull(), QPDFObjectHandle::newNull());
@@ -539,10 +539,10 @@ test_11(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
     std::shared_ptr<Buffer> b1 = qstream.getStreamData();
     std::shared_ptr<Buffer> b2 = qstream.getRawStreamData();
     if ((b1->getSize() == 7) && (memcmp(b1->getBuffer(), "potato\n", 7) == 0)) {
-        std::cout << "filtered stream data okay" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "filtered stream data okay" << '\n';
     }
     if ((b2->getSize() == 15) && (memcmp(b2->getBuffer(), "706F7461746F0A\n", 15) == 0)) {
-        std::cout << "raw stream data okay" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "raw stream data okay" << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -580,9 +580,7 @@ test_13(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
 # pragma GCC diagnostic pop
 #endif
     pdf.showLinearizationData();
-    std::cout << "---output---" << std::endl
-              << out.str() << "---error---" << std::endl
-              << err.str();
+    std::cout << "---output---" << '\n' << out.str() << "---error---" << '\n' << err.str();
 }
  
 static void
@@ -614,27 +612,27 @@ test_14(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
         // Do it wrong first...
         pdf.replaceObject(qdict.getObjGen(), qdict);
     } catch (std::logic_error const&) {
-        std::cout << "caught logic error as expected" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "caught logic error as expected" << '\n';
     }
     pdf.replaceObject(qdict.getObjGen(), new_dict);
     // Now qdict points to the new dictionary
-    std::cout << "old dict: " << qdict.getKey("/NewDict").getIntValue() << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "old dict: " << qdict.getKey("/NewDict").getIntValue() << '\n';
     // Swap dict and array
     pdf.swapObjects(qdict.getObjGen(), qarray.getObjGen());
     // Now qarray will resolve to new object and qdict resolves to
     // the array
-    std::cout << "swapped array: " << qdict.getArrayItem(0).getName() << std::endl;
-    std::cout << "new dict: " << qarray.getKey("/NewDict").getIntValue() << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "swapped array: " << qdict.getArrayItem(0).getName() << '\n';
+    std::cout << "new dict: " << qarray.getKey("/NewDict").getIntValue() << '\n';
     // Reread qdict, still pointing to an array
     qdict = pdf.getObjectByObjGen(qdict.getObjGen());
-    std::cout << "swapped array: " << qdict.getArrayItem(0).getName() << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "swapped array: " << qdict.getArrayItem(0).getName() << '\n';
  
     // Exercise getAsMap and getAsArray
     std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> array_elements = qdict.getArrayAsVector();
     std::map<std::string, QPDFObjectHandle> dict_items = qarray.getDictAsMap();
     if ((array_elements.size() == 1) && (array_elements.at(0).getName() == "/Array") &&
         (dict_items.size() == 1) && (dict_items["/NewDict"].getIntValue() == 2)) {
-        std::cout << "array and dictionary contents are correct" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "array and dictionary contents are correct" << '\n';
     }
  
     // Exercise writing to memory buffer
@@ -853,7 +851,7 @@ test_21(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
     QPDFObjectHandle page = pages.at(0);
     QPDFObjectHandle contents = page.getKey("/Contents");
     contents.shallowCopy();
-    std::cout << "you can't see this" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "you can't see this" << '\n';
 }
  
 static void
@@ -865,7 +863,7 @@ test_22(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
     QPDFPageObjectHelper& page = pages.at(0);
     dh.removePage(page);
     dh.removePage(page);
-    std::cout << "you can't see this" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "you can't see this" << '\n';
 }
  
 static void
@@ -895,44 +893,44 @@ test_24(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
     // Make sure trying to ask questions about a reserved object
     // doesn't break it.
     if (res1.isArray()) {
-        std::cout << "oops -- res1 is an array" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "oops -- res1 is an array" << '\n';
     }
     if (res1.isReserved()) {
-        std::cout << "res1 is still reserved after checking if array" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "res1 is still reserved after checking if array" << '\n';
     }
     pdf.replaceReserved(res1, array1);
     if (res1.isReserved()) {
-        std::cout << "oops -- res1 is still reserved" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "oops -- res1 is still reserved" << '\n';
     } else {
-        std::cout << "res1 is no longer reserved" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "res1 is no longer reserved" << '\n';
     }
     res1.assertArray();
-    std::cout << "res1 is an array" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "res1 is an array" << '\n';
  
     try {
         res2.unparseResolved();
-        std::cout << "oops -- didn't throw" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "oops -- didn't throw" << '\n';
     } catch (std::logic_error const& e) {
-        std::cout << "logic error: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "logic error: " << e.what() << '\n';
     }
     try {
         res2.makeDirect();
-        std::cout << "oops -- didn't throw" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "oops -- didn't throw" << '\n';
     } catch (std::logic_error const& e) {
-        std::cout << "logic error: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "logic error: " << e.what() << '\n';
     }
  
     pdf.replaceReserved(res2, array2);
  
     res2.assertArray();
-    std::cout << "res2 is an array" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "res2 is an array" << '\n';
  
     // Verify that the previously added reserved keys can be
     // dereferenced properly now
     int i1 = res1.getArrayItem(0).getArrayItem(1).getIntValueAsInt();
     int i2 = res2.getArrayItem(0).getArrayItem(1).getIntValueAsInt();
     if ((i1 == 2) && (i2 == 1)) {
-        std::cout << "circular access and lazy resolution worked" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "circular access and lazy resolution worked" << '\n';
     }
  
     QPDFWriter w(pdf, "a.pdf");
@@ -1078,15 +1076,15 @@ test_28(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
     // Copy foreign object errors
     try {
         pdf.copyForeignObject(pdf.getTrailer().getKey("/QTest"));
-        std::cout << "oops -- didn't throw" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "oops -- didn't throw" << '\n';
     } catch (std::logic_error const& e) {
-        std::cout << "logic error: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "logic error: " << e.what() << '\n';
     }
     try {
         pdf.copyForeignObject(QPDFObjectHandle::newInteger(1));
-        std::cout << "oops -- didn't throw" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "oops -- didn't throw" << '\n';
     } catch (std::logic_error const& e) {
-        std::cout << "logic error: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "logic error: " << e.what() << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -1111,9 +1109,9 @@ test_29(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
     try {
         QPDFWriter w(*other, "a.pdf");
         w.write();
-        std::cout << "oops -- didn't throw" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "oops -- didn't throw" << '\n';
     } catch (std::logic_error const& e) {
-        std::cout << "logic error: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "logic error: " << e.what() << '\n';
     }
  
     // Make sure deleting the other source doesn't prevent detection.
@@ -1126,9 +1124,9 @@ test_29(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
     try {
         QPDFWriter w(*other, "a.pdf");
         w.write();
-        std::cout << "oops -- didn't throw" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "oops -- didn't throw" << '\n';
     } catch (std::logic_error const& e) {
-        std::cout << "logic error: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "logic error: " << e.what() << '\n';
     }
  
     // Detect adding a foreign object
@@ -1137,7 +1135,7 @@ test_29(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
     try {
         root1.replaceKey("/Oops", root2);
     } catch (std::logic_error const& e) {
-        std::cout << "logic error: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "logic error: " << e.what() << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -1160,10 +1158,10 @@ test_30(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
     pages = final.getAllPages();
     std::string new_contents = getPageContents(pages.at(0));
     if (orig_contents != new_contents) {
-        std::cout << "oops -- page contents don't match" << std::endl
+        std::cout << "oops -- page contents don't match" << '\n'
                   << "original:\n"
                   << orig_contents << "new:\n"
-                  << new_contents << std::endl;
+                  << new_contents << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -1172,20 +1170,20 @@ test_31(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
 {
     auto o1 = "[/name 16059 3.14159 false\n"
               " << /key true /other [ (string1) (string2) ] >> null]"_qpdf;
-    std::cout << o1.unparse() << std::endl;
+    std::cout << o1.unparse() << '\n';
     QPDFObjectHandle o2 = QPDFObjectHandle::parse("   12345 \f  ");
     assert(o2.isInteger() && (o2.getIntValue() == 12345));
     try {
         QPDFObjectHandle::parse("[1 0 R]", "indirect test");
-        std::cout << "oops -- didn't throw" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "oops -- didn't throw" << '\n';
     } catch (std::logic_error const& e) {
-        std::cout << "logic error parsing indirect: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "logic error parsing indirect: " << e.what() << '\n';
     }
     try {
         QPDFObjectHandle::parse("0 trailing", "trailing test");
-        std::cout << "oops -- didn't throw" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "oops -- didn't throw" << '\n';
     } catch (std::runtime_error const& e) {
-        std::cout << "trailing data: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "trailing data: " << e.what() << '\n';
     }
     assert(QPDFObjectHandle::parse(&pdf, "[5 0 R]").getArrayItem(0).isInteger());
     assert(!QPDFObjectHandle::parse(&pdf, "[5 0 R]").getArrayItem(0).isDirectNull());
@@ -1218,9 +1216,9 @@ test_32(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
         bool newline = ((i & 2) != 0);
         QPDFWriter w(pdf, filenames[i]);
         w.setStaticID(true);
-        std::cout << "file: " << filenames[i] << std::endl
-                  << "linearized: " << (linearized ? "yes" : "no") << std::endl
-                  << "newline: " << (newline ? "yes" : "no") << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "file: " << filenames[i] << '\n'
+                  << "linearized: " << (linearized ? "yes" : "no") << '\n'
+                  << "newline: " << (newline ? "yes" : "no") << '\n';
         w.setLinearization(linearized);
         if (linearized) {
             w.setCompressStreams(false); // avoid dependency on zlib's output
@@ -1249,14 +1247,14 @@ static void
 test_34(QPDF& pdf, char const* arg2)
 {
     // Look at Extensions dictionary
-    std::cout << "version: " << pdf.getPDFVersion() << std::endl
-              << "extension level: " << pdf.getExtensionLevel() << std::endl
-              << pdf.getRoot().getKey("/Extensions").unparse() << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "version: " << pdf.getPDFVersion() << '\n'
+              << "extension level: " << pdf.getExtensionLevel() << '\n'
+              << pdf.getRoot().getKey("/Extensions").unparse() << '\n';
     auto v = pdf.getVersionAsPDFVersion();
     std::string v_string;
     int extension_level;
     v.getVersion(v_string, extension_level);
-    std::cout << "As PDFVersion: " << v_string << "/" << extension_level << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "As PDFVersion: " << v_string << "/" << extension_level << '\n';
 }
  
 static void
@@ -1350,7 +1348,7 @@ test_38(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
     // Designed for override-compressed-object.pdf
     QPDFObjectHandle qtest = pdf.getRoot().getKey("/QTest");
     for (int i = 0; i < qtest.getArrayNItems(); ++i) {
-        std::cout << qtest.getArrayItem(i).unparseResolved() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << qtest.getArrayItem(i).unparseResolved() << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -1360,13 +1358,13 @@ test_39(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
     // Display image filter and color set for each image on each page
     int pageno = 0;
     for (auto& page: QPDFPageDocumentHelper(pdf).getAllPages()) {
-        std::cout << "page " << ++pageno << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "page " << ++pageno << '\n';
         std::map<std::string, QPDFObjectHandle> images = page.getImages();
         for (auto& i_iter: images) {
             QPDFObjectHandle image_dict = i_iter.second.getDict();
             std::cout << "filter: " << image_dict.getKey("/Filter").unparseResolved()
                       << ", color space: " << image_dict.getKey("/ColorSpace").unparseResolved()
-                      << std::endl;
+                      << '\n';
         }
     }
 }
@@ -1578,51 +1576,51 @@ test_43(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
     }
     std::cout << "iterating over form fields\n";
     for (auto& ffh: afdh.getFormFields()) {
-        std::cout << "Field: " << ffh.getObjectHandle().unparse() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "Field: " << ffh.getObjectHandle().unparse() << '\n';
         QPDFFormFieldObjectHelper node = ffh;
         while (!node.isNull()) {
             QPDFFormFieldObjectHelper parent(node.getParent());
             std::cout << "  Parent: "
                       << (parent.isNull() ? std::string("none")
                                           : parent.getObjectHandle().unparse())
-                      << std::endl;
+                      << '\n';
             node = parent;
         }
-        std::cout << "  Fully qualified name: " << ffh.getFullyQualifiedName() << std::endl;
-        std::cout << "  Partial name: " << ffh.getPartialName() << std::endl;
-        std::cout << "  Alternative name: " << ffh.getAlternativeName() << std::endl;
-        std::cout << "  Mapping name: " << ffh.getMappingName() << std::endl;
-        std::cout << "  Field type: " << ffh.getFieldType() << std::endl;
-        std::cout << "  Value: " << ffh.getValue().unparse() << std::endl;
-        std::cout << "  Value as string: " << ffh.getValueAsString() << std::endl;
-        std::cout << "  Default value: " << ffh.getDefaultValue().unparse() << std::endl;
-        std::cout << "  Default value as string: " << ffh.getDefaultValueAsString() << std::endl;
-        std::cout << "  Default appearance: " << ffh.getDefaultAppearance() << std::endl;
-        std::cout << "  Quadding: " << ffh.getQuadding() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "  Fully qualified name: " << ffh.getFullyQualifiedName() << '\n';
+        std::cout << "  Partial name: " << ffh.getPartialName() << '\n';
+        std::cout << "  Alternative name: " << ffh.getAlternativeName() << '\n';
+        std::cout << "  Mapping name: " << ffh.getMappingName() << '\n';
+        std::cout << "  Field type: " << ffh.getFieldType() << '\n';
+        std::cout << "  Value: " << ffh.getValue().unparse() << '\n';
+        std::cout << "  Value as string: " << ffh.getValueAsString() << '\n';
+        std::cout << "  Default value: " << ffh.getDefaultValue().unparse() << '\n';
+        std::cout << "  Default value as string: " << ffh.getDefaultValueAsString() << '\n';
+        std::cout << "  Default appearance: " << ffh.getDefaultAppearance() << '\n';
+        std::cout << "  Quadding: " << ffh.getQuadding() << '\n';
         std::vector<QPDFAnnotationObjectHelper> annotations = afdh.getAnnotationsForField(ffh);
         for (auto& aoh: annotations) {
-            std::cout << "  Annotation: " << aoh.getObjectHandle().unparse() << std::endl;
+            std::cout << "  Annotation: " << aoh.getObjectHandle().unparse() << '\n';
         }
     }
     std::cout << "iterating over annotations per page\n";
     for (auto& page: QPDFPageDocumentHelper(pdf).getAllPages()) {
-        std::cout << "Page: " << page.getObjectHandle().unparse() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "Page: " << page.getObjectHandle().unparse() << '\n';
         for (auto& ah: afdh.getWidgetAnnotationsForPage(page)) {
-            std::cout << "  Annotation: " << ah.getObjectHandle().unparse() << std::endl;
+            std::cout << "  Annotation: " << ah.getObjectHandle().unparse() << '\n';
             std::cout << "    Field: "
-                      << (afdh.getFieldForAnnotation(ah).getObjectHandle().unparse()) << std::endl;
-            std::cout << "    Subtype: " << ah.getSubtype() << std::endl;
+                      << (afdh.getFieldForAnnotation(ah).getObjectHandle().unparse()) << '\n';
+            std::cout << "    Subtype: " << ah.getSubtype() << '\n';
             std::cout << "    Rect: ";
             print_rect(std::cout, ah.getRect());
-            std::cout << std::endl;
+            std::cout << '\n';
             std::string state = ah.getAppearanceState();
             if (!state.empty()) {
-                std::cout << "    Appearance state: " << state << std::endl;
+                std::cout << "    Appearance state: " << state << '\n';
             }
             std::cout << "    Appearance stream (/N): " << ah.getAppearanceStream("/N").unparse()
-                      << std::endl;
+                      << '\n';
             std::cout << "    Appearance stream (/N, /3): "
-                      << ah.getAppearanceStream("/N", "/3").unparse() << std::endl;
+                      << ah.getAppearanceStream("/N", "/3").unparse() << '\n';
         }
     }
 }
@@ -1637,7 +1635,7 @@ test_44(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
             // \xc3\xb7 is utf-8 for U+00F7 (divided by)
             field.setV("3.14 \xc3\xb7 0");
             std::cout << "Set field value: " << field.getFullyQualifiedName() << " -> "
-                      << field.getValueAsString() << std::endl;
+                      << field.getValueAsString() << '\n';
         }
     }
     QPDFWriter w(pdf, "a.pdf");
@@ -1669,11 +1667,11 @@ test_46(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
     QPDFObjectHandle qtest = pdf.getTrailer().getKey("/QTest");
     QPDFNumberTreeObjectHelper ntoh(qtest, pdf);
     for (auto& iter: ntoh) {
-        std::cout << iter.first << " " << iter.second.getStringValue() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << iter.first << " " << iter.second.getStringValue() << '\n';
     }
     QPDFNumberTreeObjectHelper::idx_map ntoh_map = ntoh.getAsMap();
     for (auto& iter: ntoh_map) {
-        std::cout << iter.first << " " << iter.second.getStringValue() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << iter.first << " " << iter.second.getStringValue() << '\n';
     }
     assert(1 == ntoh.getMin());
     assert(29 == ntoh.getMax());
@@ -1719,7 +1717,7 @@ test_46(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
     --iter1;
     assert(iter1->first == 2);
  
-    std::cout << "insertAfter" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "insertAfter" << '\n';
     auto new2 = QPDFNumberTreeObjectHelper::newEmpty(pdf);
     auto iter2 = new2.begin();
     assert(iter2 == new2.end());
@@ -1728,23 +1726,23 @@ test_46(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
     iter2.insertAfter(4, QPDFObjectHandle::newString("4!"));
     assert(iter2->first == 4);
     for (auto& i: new2) {
-        std::cout << i.first << " " << i.second.unparse() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << i.first << " " << i.second.unparse() << '\n';
     }
  
-    std::cout << "/Bad1" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "/Bad1" << '\n';
     auto bad1 = QPDFNumberTreeObjectHelper(pdf.getTrailer().getKey("/Bad1"), pdf);
     assert(bad1.begin() == bad1.end());
     assert(bad1.last() == bad1.end());
  
-    std::cout << "/Bad2" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "/Bad2" << '\n';
     auto bad2 = QPDFNumberTreeObjectHelper(pdf.getTrailer().getKey("/Bad2"), pdf);
     for (auto& i: bad2) {
-        std::cout << i.first << " " << i.second.unparse() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << i.first << " " << i.second.unparse() << '\n';
     }
  
     std::vector<std::string> empties = {"/Empty1", "/Empty2"};
     for (auto const& k: empties) {
-        std::cout << k << std::endl;
+        std::cout << k << '\n';
         auto empty = QPDFNumberTreeObjectHelper(pdf.getTrailer().getKey(k), pdf);
         assert(empty.begin() == empty.end());
         assert(empty.last() == empty.end());
@@ -1765,37 +1763,37 @@ test_46(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
         assert(empty.last()->first == 6);
         assert(empty.last()->second.getStringValue() == "6");
     }
-    std::cout << "Insert into invalid" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "Insert into invalid" << '\n';
     auto invalid1 = QPDFNumberTreeObjectHelper(QPDFObjectHandle::newDictionary(), pdf);
     try {
         invalid1.insert(1, QPDFObjectHandle::newNull());
     } catch (QPDFExc& e) {
-        std::cout << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << e.what() << '\n';
     }
  
-    std::cout << "/Bad3, no repair" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "/Bad3, no repair" << '\n';
     auto bad3_oh = pdf.getTrailer().getKey("/Bad3");
     auto bad3 = QPDFNumberTreeObjectHelper(bad3_oh, pdf, false);
     for (auto& i: bad3) {
-        std::cout << i.first << " " << i.second.unparse() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << i.first << " " << i.second.unparse() << '\n';
     }
     assert(!bad3_oh.getKey("/Kids").getArrayItem(0).isIndirect());
  
-    std::cout << "/Bad3, repair" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "/Bad3, repair" << '\n';
     bad3 = QPDFNumberTreeObjectHelper(bad3_oh, pdf, true);
     for (auto& i: bad3) {
-        std::cout << i.first << " " << i.second.unparse() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << i.first << " " << i.second.unparse() << '\n';
     }
     assert(bad3_oh.getKey("/Kids").getArrayItem(0).isIndirect());
  
-    std::cout << "/Bad4 -- missing limits" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "/Bad4 -- missing limits" << '\n';
     auto bad4 = QPDFNumberTreeObjectHelper(pdf.getTrailer().getKey("/Bad4"), pdf);
     bad4.insert(5, QPDFObjectHandle::newString("5"));
     for (auto& i: bad4) {
-        std::cout << i.first << " " << i.second.unparse() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << i.first << " " << i.second.unparse() << '\n';
     }
  
-    std::cout << "/Bad5 -- limit errors" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "/Bad5 -- limit errors" << '\n';
     auto bad5 = QPDFNumberTreeObjectHelper(pdf.getTrailer().getKey("/Bad5"), pdf);
     assert(bad5.find(10) == bad5.end());
 }
@@ -1810,7 +1808,7 @@ test_47(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
     pldh.getLabelsForPageRange(0, npages - 1, 1, labels);
     assert(labels.size() % 2 == 0);
     for (size_t i = 0; i < labels.size(); i += 2) {
-        std::cout << labels.at(i).getIntValue() << " " << labels.at(i + 1).unparse() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << labels.at(i).getIntValue() << " " << labels.at(i + 1).unparse() << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -1822,11 +1820,11 @@ test_48(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
     QPDFObjectHandle qtest = pdf.getTrailer().getKey("/QTest");
     QPDFNameTreeObjectHelper ntoh(qtest, pdf);
     for (auto& iter: ntoh) {
-        std::cout << iter.first << " -> " << iter.second.getStringValue() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << iter.first << " -> " << iter.second.getStringValue() << '\n';
     }
     std::map<std::string, QPDFObjectHandle> ntoh_map = ntoh.getAsMap();
     for (auto& iter: ntoh_map) {
-        std::cout << iter.first << " -> " << iter.second.getStringValue() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << iter.first << " -> " << iter.second.getStringValue() << '\n';
     }
     assert(ntoh.hasName("11 elephant"));
     assert(ntoh.hasName("07 sev\xe2\x80\xa2n"));
@@ -1869,7 +1867,7 @@ test_48(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
     --iter1;
     assert(iter1->first == "2");
  
-    std::cout << "insertAfter" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "insertAfter" << '\n';
     auto new2 = QPDFNameTreeObjectHelper::newEmpty(pdf);
     auto iter2 = new2.begin();
     assert(iter2 == new2.end());
@@ -1878,12 +1876,12 @@ test_48(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
     iter2.insertAfter("4", QPDFObjectHandle::newString("4!"));
     assert(iter2->first == "4");
     for (auto& i: new2) {
-        std::cout << i.first << " " << i.second.unparse() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << i.first << " " << i.second.unparse() << '\n';
     }
  
     std::vector<std::string> empties = {"/Empty1", "/Empty2"};
     for (auto const& k: empties) {
-        std::cout << k << std::endl;
+        std::cout << k << '\n';
         auto empty = QPDFNameTreeObjectHelper(pdf.getTrailer().getKey(k), pdf);
         assert(empty.begin() == empty.end());
         assert(empty.last() == empty.end());
@@ -1905,36 +1903,36 @@ test_48(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
         assert(empty.last()->second.getStringValue() == "6");
     }
  
-    std::cout << "/Bad1 -- wrong key type" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "/Bad1 -- wrong key type" << '\n';
     auto bad1 = QPDFNameTreeObjectHelper(pdf.getTrailer().getKey("/Bad1"), pdf);
     assert(bad1.find("G", true)->first == "A");
     for (auto const& i: bad1) {
-        std::cout << i.first << std::endl;
+        std::cout << i.first << '\n';
     }
  
-    std::cout << "/Bad2 -- invalid kid" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "/Bad2 -- invalid kid" << '\n';
     auto bad2 = QPDFNameTreeObjectHelper(pdf.getTrailer().getKey("/Bad2"), pdf);
     assert(bad2.find("G", true)->first == "B");
     for (auto const& i: bad2) {
-        std::cout << i.first << std::endl;
+        std::cout << i.first << '\n';
     }
  
-    std::cout << "/Bad3 -- invalid kid" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "/Bad3 -- invalid kid" << '\n';
     auto bad3 = QPDFNameTreeObjectHelper(pdf.getTrailer().getKey("/Bad3"), pdf);
     assert(bad3.find("G", true) == bad3.end());
  
-    std::cout << "/Bad4 -- invalid kid" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "/Bad4 -- invalid kid" << '\n';
     auto bad4 = QPDFNameTreeObjectHelper(pdf.getTrailer().getKey("/Bad4"), pdf);
     assert(bad4.find("F", true)->first == "C");
     for (auto const& i: bad4) {
-        std::cout << i.first << std::endl;
+        std::cout << i.first << '\n';
     }
  
-    std::cout << "/Bad5 -- loop in find" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "/Bad5 -- loop in find" << '\n';
     auto bad5 = QPDFNameTreeObjectHelper(pdf.getTrailer().getKey("/Bad5"), pdf);
     assert(bad5.find("F", true)->first == "D");
  
-    std::cout << "/Bad6 -- bad limits" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "/Bad6 -- bad limits" << '\n';
     auto bad6 = QPDFNameTreeObjectHelper(pdf.getTrailer().getKey("/Bad6"), pdf);
     assert(bad6.insert("H", QPDFObjectHandle::newNull())->first == "H");
 }
@@ -1949,7 +1947,7 @@ test_49(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
         auto outlines = odh.getOutlinesForPage(page.getObjectHandle().getObjGen());
         for (auto& ol: outlines) {
             std::cout << "page " << pageno << ": " << ol.getTitle() << " -> "
-                      << ol.getDest().unparseResolved() << std::endl;
+                      << ol.getDest().unparseResolved() << '\n';
         }
         ++pageno;
     }
@@ -1963,11 +1961,11 @@ test_50(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
     QPDFObjectHandle d1 = pdf.getTrailer().getKey("/Dict1");
     QPDFObjectHandle d2 = pdf.getTrailer().getKey("/Dict2");
     d1.mergeResources(d2);
-    std::cout << d1.getJSON(JSON::LATEST).unparse() << std::endl;
+    std::cout << d1.getJSON(JSON::LATEST).unparse() << '\n';
     // Top-level type mismatch
     d1.mergeResources(d2.getKey("/k1"));
     for (auto const& name: d1.getResourceNames()) {
-        std::cout << name << std::endl;
+        std::cout << name << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -2047,10 +2045,10 @@ test_53(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
     QPDFObjectHandle root = pdf.getRoot();
     auto new_obj = pdf.makeIndirectObject(QPDFObjectHandle::newString("potato"));
     root.replaceKey("/Q1", new_obj);
-    std::cout << "new object: " << new_obj.unparse() << std::endl;
-    std::cout << "all objects" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "new object: " << new_obj.unparse() << '\n';
+    std::cout << "all objects" << '\n';
     for (auto& obj: pdf.getAllObjects()) {
-        std::cout << obj.unparse() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << obj.unparse() << '\n';
     }
  
     QPDFWriter w(pdf, "a.pdf");
@@ -2068,7 +2066,7 @@ test_54(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
     assert(pdf.getPDFVersion() != "1.5");
     w.setObjectStreamMode(qpdf_o_generate);
     if (w.getFinalVersion() != "1.5") {
-        std::cout << "oops: " << w.getFinalVersion() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "oops: " << w.getFinalVersion() << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -2193,11 +2191,11 @@ test_60(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
  
     std::map<std::string, std::map<std::string, std::string>> conflicts;
     auto show_conflicts = [&](std::string const& msg) {
-        std::cout << msg << std::endl;
+        std::cout << msg << '\n';
         for (auto const& i1: conflicts) {
-            std::cout << i1.first << ":" << std::endl;
+            std::cout << i1.first << ":" << '\n';
             for (auto const& i2: i1.second) {
-                std::cout << "  " << i2.first << " -> " << i2.second << std::endl;
+                std::cout << "  " << i2.first << " -> " << i2.second << '\n';
             }
         }
     };
@@ -2242,22 +2240,22 @@ test_61(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
     try {
         pdf.processMemoryFile("empty", "", 0);
     } catch (QPDFExc const&) {
-        std::cout << "Caught QPDFExc as expected" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "Caught QPDFExc as expected" << '\n';
     }
     try {
         QUtil::safe_fopen("/does/not/exist", "r");
     } catch (QPDFSystemError const&) {
-        std::cout << "Caught QPDFSystemError as expected" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "Caught QPDFSystemError as expected" << '\n';
     }
     try {
         QUtil::int_to_string_base(0, 12);
     } catch (std::logic_error const&) {
-        std::cout << "Caught logic_error as expected" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "Caught logic_error as expected" << '\n';
     }
     try {
         QUtil::toUTF8(0xffffffff);
     } catch (std::runtime_error const&) {
-        std::cout << "Caught runtime_error as expected" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "Caught runtime_error as expected" << '\n';
     }
  
     // Spot check RTTI for dynamic cast. We intend to have pipelines
@@ -2389,18 +2387,18 @@ test_68(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
     QPDFObjectHandle qstream = root.getKey("/QStream");
     try {
         qstream.getStreamData();
-        std::cout << "oops -- didn't throw" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "oops -- didn't throw" << '\n';
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cout << "get unfilterable stream: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "get unfilterable stream: " << e.what() << '\n';
     }
     std::shared_ptr<Buffer> b1 = qstream.getStreamData(qpdf_dl_all);
     if ((b1->getSize() > 10) && (memcmp(b1->getBuffer(), "wwwwwwwww", 9) == 0)) {
-        std::cout << "filtered stream data okay" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "filtered stream data okay" << '\n';
     }
     std::shared_ptr<Buffer> b2 = qstream.getRawStreamData();
     if ((b2->getSize() > 10) &&
         (memcmp(b2->getBuffer(), "\xff\xd8\xff\xe0\x00\x10\x4a\x46\x49\x46", 10) == 0)) {
-        std::cout << "raw stream data okay" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "raw stream data okay" << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -2436,42 +2434,42 @@ static void
 test_71(QPDF& pdf, char const* arg2)
 {
     auto show = [](QPDFObjectHandle& obj, QPDFObjectHandle& xobj_dict, std::string const& key) {
-        std::cout << xobj_dict.unparse() << " -> " << key << " -> " << obj.unparse() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << xobj_dict.unparse() << " -> " << key << " -> " << obj.unparse() << '\n';
     };
     auto page = QPDFPageDocumentHelper(pdf).getAllPages().at(0);
-    std::cout << "--- recursive, all ---" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "--- recursive, all ---" << '\n';
     page.forEachXObject(true, show);
-    std::cout << "--- non-recursive, all ---" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "--- non-recursive, all ---" << '\n';
     page.forEachXObject(false, show);
-    std::cout << "--- recursive, images ---" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "--- recursive, images ---" << '\n';
     page.forEachImage(true, show);
-    std::cout << "--- non-recursive, images ---" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "--- non-recursive, images ---" << '\n';
     page.forEachImage(false, show);
-    std::cout << "--- recursive, form XObjects ---" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "--- recursive, form XObjects ---" << '\n';
     page.forEachFormXObject(true, show);
-    std::cout << "--- non-recursive, form XObjects ---" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "--- non-recursive, form XObjects ---" << '\n';
     page.forEachFormXObject(false, show);
     auto fx1 = QPDFPageObjectHelper(
         page.getObjectHandle().getKey("/Resources").getKey("/XObject").getKey("/Fx1"));
-    std::cout << "--- recursive, all, from fx1 ---" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "--- recursive, all, from fx1 ---" << '\n';
     fx1.forEachXObject(true, show);
-    std::cout << "--- non-recursive, all, from fx1 ---" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "--- non-recursive, all, from fx1 ---" << '\n';
     fx1.forEachXObject(false, show);
-    std::cout << "--- get images, page ---" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "--- get images, page ---" << '\n';
     for (auto& i: page.getImages()) {
-        std::cout << i.first << " -> " << i.second.unparse() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << i.first << " -> " << i.second.unparse() << '\n';
     }
-    std::cout << "--- get images, fx ---" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "--- get images, fx ---" << '\n';
     for (auto& i: fx1.getImages()) {
-        std::cout << i.first << " -> " << i.second.unparse() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << i.first << " -> " << i.second.unparse() << '\n';
     }
-    std::cout << "--- get form XObjects, page ---" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "--- get form XObjects, page ---" << '\n';
     for (auto& i: page.getFormXObjects()) {
-        std::cout << i.first << " -> " << i.second.unparse() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << i.first << " -> " << i.second.unparse() << '\n';
     }
-    std::cout << "--- get form XObjects, fx ---" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "--- get form XObjects, fx ---" << '\n';
     for (auto& i: fx1.getFormXObjects()) {
-        std::cout << i.first << " -> " << i.second.unparse() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << i.first << " -> " << i.second.unparse() << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -2482,7 +2480,7 @@ test_72(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
     auto page = QPDFPageDocumentHelper(pdf).getAllPages().at(0);
     auto fx1 = QPDFPageObjectHelper(
         page.getObjectHandle().getKey("/Resources").getKey("/XObject").getKey("/Fx1"));
-    std::cout << "--- parseContents ---" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "--- parseContents ---" << '\n';
     ParserCallbacks cb;
     fx1.parseContents(&cb);
     // Do this once with addContentTokenFilter and once with
@@ -2511,7 +2509,7 @@ test_73(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
         QPDF pdf2;
         pdf2.getRoot();
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cerr << "getRoot: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "getRoot: " << e.what() << '\n';
     }
  
     pdf.closeInputSource();
@@ -2522,7 +2520,7 @@ static void
 test_74(QPDF& pdf, char const* arg2)
 {
     // This test is crafted to work with split-nntree.pdf
-    std::cout << "/Split1" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "/Split1" << '\n';
     auto split1 = QPDFNumberTreeObjectHelper(pdf.getTrailer().getKey("/Split1"), pdf);
     split1.setSplitThreshold(4);
     auto check_split1 = [&split1](int k) {
@@ -2533,10 +2531,10 @@ test_74(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
     check_split1(35);
     check_split1(125);
     for (auto const& i: split1) {
-        std::cout << i.first << std::endl;
+        std::cout << i.first << '\n';
     }
  
-    std::cout << "/Split2" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "/Split2" << '\n';
     auto split2 = QPDFNameTreeObjectHelper(pdf.getTrailer().getKey("/Split2"), pdf);
     split2.setSplitThreshold(4);
     auto check_split2 = [](QPDFNameTreeObjectHelper& noh, std::string const& k) {
@@ -2545,16 +2543,16 @@ test_74(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
     };
     check_split2(split2, "C");
     for (auto const& i: split2) {
-        std::cout << i.first << std::endl;
+        std::cout << i.first << '\n';
     }
  
-    std::cout << "/Split3" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "/Split3" << '\n';
     auto split3 = QPDFNameTreeObjectHelper(pdf.getTrailer().getKey("/Split3"), pdf);
     split3.setSplitThreshold(4);
     check_split2(split3, "P");
     check_split2(split3, "\xcf\x80");
     for (auto& i: split3) {
-        std::cout << i.first << " " << i.second.unparse() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << i.first << " " << i.second.unparse() << '\n';
     }
  
     QPDFWriter w(pdf, "a.pdf");
@@ -2655,7 +2653,7 @@ test_76(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
     assert(QUtil::hex_encode(efs2.getChecksum()) == "2fce9c8228e360ba9b04a1bd1bf63d6b");
  
     for (auto const& iter: efdh.getEmbeddedFiles()) {
-        std::cout << iter.first << " -> " << iter.second->getFilename() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << iter.first << " -> " << iter.second->getFilename() << '\n';
     }
     assert(efdh.getEmbeddedFile("att1")->getFilename() == "att1.txt");
     assert(!efdh.getEmbeddedFile("potato"));
@@ -2689,17 +2687,17 @@ test_78(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
         p->finish();
     };
     auto f2 = [](Pipeline* p, bool suppress_warnings, bool will_retry) {
-        std::cerr << "f2" << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "f2" << '\n';
         if (will_retry) {
-            std::cerr << "failing" << std::endl;
+            std::cerr << "failing" << '\n';
             return false;
         }
         if (!suppress_warnings) {
-            std::cerr << "warning" << std::endl;
+            std::cerr << "warning" << '\n';
         }
         p->writeCStr("salad");
         p->finish();
-        std::cerr << "f2 done" << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "f2 done" << '\n';
         return true;
     };
  
@@ -2709,11 +2707,11 @@ test_78(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
     auto s2 = QPDFObjectHandle::newStream(&pdf);
     s2.replaceStreamData(f2, null, null);
     pdf.getTrailer().replaceKey("/Streams", QPDFObjectHandle::newArray({s1, s2}));
-    std::cout << "piping with warning suppression" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "piping with warning suppression" << '\n';
     Pl_Discard d;
     s2.pipeStreamData(&d, nullptr, 0, qpdf_dl_all, true, false);
  
-    std::cout << "writing" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "writing" << '\n';
     QPDFWriter w(pdf, "a.pdf");
     w.setStaticID(true);
     w.setQDFMode(true);
@@ -2890,13 +2888,13 @@ test_83(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
     size_t size;
     QUtil::read_file_into_memory(arg2, file_buf, size);
     try {
-        std::cout << "calling initializeFromJson" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "calling initializeFromJson" << '\n';
         j.initializeFromJson(std::string(file_buf.get(), size));
-        std::cout << "called initializeFromJson" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "called initializeFromJson" << '\n';
     } catch (QPDFUsage& e) {
-        std::cerr << "usage: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "usage: " << e.what() << '\n';
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cerr << "exception: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "exception: " << e.what() << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -2905,7 +2903,7 @@ test_84(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
 {
     // Test QPDFJob API
  
-    std::cout << "normal" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "normal" << '\n';
     {
         QPDFJob j;
         j.config()
@@ -2922,11 +2920,11 @@ test_84(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
         assert(j.getEncryptionStatus() == 0);
     }
  
-    std::cout << "custom progress reporter" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "custom progress reporter" << '\n';
     {
         QPDFJob j;
         j.registerProgressReporter(
-            [](int p) { std::cout << "custom write progress: " << p << "%" << std::endl; });
+            [](int p) { std::cout << "custom write progress: " << p << "%" << '\n'; });
         j.config()
             ->inputFile("minimal.pdf")
             ->outputFile("a.pdf")
@@ -2941,29 +2939,29 @@ test_84(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
         assert(j.getEncryptionStatus() == 0);
     }
  
-    std::cout << "error caught by check" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "error caught by check" << '\n';
     try {
         QPDFJob j;
         j.config()->outputFile("a.pdf")->qdf();
-        std::cout << "finished config" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "finished config" << '\n';
         j.checkConfiguration();
         assert(false);
     } catch (QPDFUsage& e) {
-        std::cout << "usage: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "usage: " << e.what() << '\n';
     }
  
-    std::cout << "error caught by run" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "error caught by run" << '\n';
     try {
         QPDFJob j;
         j.config()->outputFile("a.pdf")->qdf();
-        std::cout << "finished config" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "finished config" << '\n';
         j.run();
         assert(false);
     } catch (QPDFUsage& e) {
-        std::cout << "usage: " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "usage: " << e.what() << '\n';
     }
  
-    std::cout << "output capture" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "output capture" << '\n';
     std::ostringstream cout;
     std::ostringstream cerr;
     {
@@ -2980,11 +2978,11 @@ test_84(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
 # pragma GCC diagnostic pop
 #endif
         j.config()->inputFile("bad2.pdf")->showObject("4,0")->checkConfiguration();
-        std::cout << "calling run" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "calling run" << '\n';
         j.run();
-        std::cout << "captured stdout" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "captured stdout" << '\n';
         std::cout << cout.str();
-        std::cout << "captured stderr" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "captured stderr" << '\n';
         std::cout << cerr.str();
     }
 }
@@ -3478,7 +3476,7 @@ test_99(QPDF&amp; pdf, char const* arg2)
     // Designed for no-space-compressed-object.pdf
     QPDFObjectHandle qtest = pdf.getRoot().getKey("/QTest");
     for (int i = 0; i < qtest.getArrayNItems(); ++i) {
-        std::cout << qtest.getArrayItem(i).unparseResolved() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << qtest.getArrayItem(i).unparseResolved() << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -3669,7 +3667,7 @@ runtest(int n, char const* filename1, char const* arg2)
     if (filep) {
         fclose(filep);
     }
-    std::cout << "test " << n << " done" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "test " << n << " done" << '\n';
 }
  
 int
@@ -3692,7 +3690,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
         char const* arg2 = argv[3];
         runtest(n, filename1, arg2);
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << e.what() << '\n';
         exit(2);
     }
  
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ void
 ImageChecker::finish()
 {
     if (!okay) {
-        std::cout << "errors found checking image data for page " << n << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "errors found checking image data for page " << n << '\n';
     }
 }
  
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ ImageProvider::provideStreamData(int objid, int generation, Pipeline* pipeline)
     if (buf == nullptr) {
         buf = new unsigned char[width * stripesize];
     }
-    std::cout << "page " << n << " of " << npages << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "page " << n << " of " << npages << '\n';
     for (size_t y = 0; y < nstripes; ++y) {
         unsigned char color = get_pixel_color(n, y);
         memset(buf, color, width * stripesize);
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ ImageProvider::provideStreamData(int objid, int generation, Pipeline* pipeline)
 void
 usage()
 {
-    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " {read|write} {large|small} outfile" << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " {read|write} {large|small} outfile" << '\n';
     exit(2);
 }
  
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ check_page_contents(size_t pageno, QPDFObjectHandle page)
         std::string(reinterpret_cast<char*>(buf->getBuffer()), buf->getSize());
     std::string expected_contents = generate_page_contents(pageno);
     if (expected_contents != actual_contents) {
-        std::cout << "page contents wrong for page " << pageno << std::endl
+        std::cout << "page contents wrong for page " << pageno << '\n'
                   << "ACTUAL: " << actual_contents << "EXPECTED: " << expected_contents << "----\n";
     }
 }
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ check_pdf(char const* filename)
     assert(pages.size() == QIntC::to_size(npages));
     for (size_t i = 0; i < npages; ++i) {
         size_t pageno = i + 1;
-        std::cout << "page " << pageno << " of " << npages << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "page " << pageno << " of " << npages << '\n';
         check_page_contents(pageno, pages.at(i));
         check_image(pageno, pages.at(i));
     }
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
             check_pdf(filename);
         }
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << e.what() << '\n';
         exit(2);
     }
  
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
 {
     auto whoami = QUtil::getWhoami(argv[0]);
     if (argc != 2) {
-        std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " outfile.pdf" << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " outfile.pdf" << '\n';
         exit(2);
     }
     char const* outfile = argv[1];
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 void
 usage()
 {
-    std::cerr << "Usage: test_parsedoffset INPUT.pdf" << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "Usage: test_parsedoffset INPUT.pdf" << '\n';
 }
  
 std::string
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ process(std::string fn, std::vector&lt;std::vector&lt;std::pair&lt;qpdf_offset_t, std::st
     for (auto const& oh: qpdf.getAllObjects()) {
         if (!xrefs.contains(oh.getObjGen())) {
             std::cerr << oh.getObjectID() << "/" << oh.getGeneration()
-                      << " is not found in xref table" << std::endl;
+                      << " is not found in xref table" << '\n';
             std::exit(2);
         }
  
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ process(std::string fn, std::vector&lt;std::vector&lt;std::pair&lt;qpdf_offset_t, std::st
         switch (xref.getType()) {
         case 0:
             std::cerr << oh.getObjectID() << "/" << oh.getGeneration() << " xref entry is free"
-                      << std::endl;
+                      << '\n';
             std::exit(2);
         case 1:
             stream_number = 0;
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ process(std::string fn, std::vector&lt;std::vector&lt;std::pair&lt;qpdf_offset_t, std::st
             stream_number = static_cast<size_t>(xref.getObjStreamNumber());
             break;
         default:
-            std::cerr << "unknown xref entry type" << std::endl;
+            std::cerr << "unknown xref entry type" << '\n';
             std::exit(2);
         }
  
@@ -126,19 +126,19 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
  
             std::sort(table[i].begin(), table[i].end());
             if (i == 0) {
-                std::cout << "--- objects not in streams ---" << std::endl;
+                std::cout << "--- objects not in streams ---" << '\n';
             } else {
-                std::cout << "--- objects in stream " << i << " ---" << std::endl;
+                std::cout << "--- objects in stream " << i << " ---" << '\n';
             }
  
             for (auto const& iter: table[i]) {
-                std::cout << iter.second << std::endl;
+                std::cout << iter.second << '\n';
             }
         }
  
-        std::cout << "succeeded" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "succeeded" << '\n';
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << e.what() << '\n';
         std::exit(2);
     }
  
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ static char const* whoami = nullptr;
 void
 usage()
 {
-    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " infile" << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " infile" << '\n';
     exit(2);
 }
  
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
     char const* infilename = argv[1];
     for (auto const& line: QUtil::read_lines_from_file(infilename)) {
         QPDFObjectHandle str = QPDFObjectHandle::newString(line);
-        std::cout << str.getUTF8Value() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << str.getUTF8Value() << '\n';
     }
     return 0;
 }
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ static char const* whoami = nullptr;
 void
 usage()
 {
-    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " infile" << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " infile" << '\n';
     exit(2);
 }
  
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
     char const* infilename = argv[1];
     for (auto const& line: QUtil::read_lines_from_file(infilename)) {
         QPDFObjectHandle str = QPDFObjectHandle::newUnicodeString(line);
-        std::cout << str.getUTF8Value() << " // " << str.unparseBinary() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << str.getUTF8Value() << " // " << str.unparseBinary() << '\n';
     }
     return 0;
 }
@@ -14,11 +14,11 @@
 void
 usage()
 {
-    std::cerr << "Usage: test_renumber [OPTION] INPUT.pdf" << std::endl
-              << "Option:" << std::endl
-              << "  --object-streams=preserve|disable|generate" << std::endl
-              << "  --linearize" << std::endl
-              << "  --preserve-unreferenced" << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "Usage: test_renumber [OPTION] INPUT.pdf" << '\n'
+              << "Option:" << '\n'
+              << "  --object-streams=preserve|disable|generate" << '\n'
+              << "  --linearize" << '\n'
+              << "  --preserve-unreferenced" << '\n';
 }
  
 bool
@@ -33,38 +33,38 @@ compare(QPDFObjectHandle a, QPDFObjectHandle b)
     }
  
     if (a.getTypeCode() != b.getTypeCode()) {
-        std::cerr << "different type code" << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "different type code" << '\n';
         return false;
     }
  
     switch (a.getTypeCode()) {
     case ::ot_boolean:
         if (a.getBoolValue() != b.getBoolValue()) {
-            std::cerr << "different boolean" << std::endl;
+            std::cerr << "different boolean" << '\n';
             return false;
         }
         break;
     case ::ot_integer:
         if (a.getIntValue() != b.getIntValue()) {
-            std::cerr << "different integer" << std::endl;
+            std::cerr << "different integer" << '\n';
             return false;
         }
         break;
     case ::ot_real:
         if (a.getRealValue() != b.getRealValue()) {
-            std::cerr << "different real" << std::endl;
+            std::cerr << "different real" << '\n';
             return false;
         }
         break;
     case ::ot_string:
         if (a.getStringValue() != b.getStringValue()) {
-            std::cerr << "different string" << std::endl;
+            std::cerr << "different string" << '\n';
             return false;
         }
         break;
     case ::ot_name:
         if (a.getName() != b.getName()) {
-            std::cerr << "different name" << std::endl;
+            std::cerr << "different name" << '\n';
             return false;
         }
         break;
@@ -74,13 +74,13 @@ compare(QPDFObjectHandle a, QPDFObjectHandle b)
             std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> objs_b = b.getArrayAsVector();
             size_t items = objs_a.size();
             if (items != objs_b.size()) {
-                std::cerr << "different array size" << std::endl;
+                std::cerr << "different array size" << '\n';
                 return false;
             }
  
             for (size_t i = 0; i < items; ++i) {
                 if (!compare(objs_a[i], objs_b[i])) {
-                    std::cerr << "different array item" << std::endl;
+                    std::cerr << "different array item" << '\n';
                     return false;
                 }
             }
@@ -91,13 +91,13 @@ compare(QPDFObjectHandle a, QPDFObjectHandle b)
             std::set<std::string> keys_a = a.getKeys();
             std::set<std::string> keys_b = b.getKeys();
             if (keys_a != keys_b) {
-                std::cerr << "different dictionary keys" << std::endl;
+                std::cerr << "different dictionary keys" << '\n';
                 return false;
             }
  
             for (auto const& key: keys_a) {
                 if (!compare(a.getKey(key), b.getKey(key))) {
-                    std::cerr << "different dictionary item" << std::endl;
+                    std::cerr << "different dictionary item" << '\n';
                     return false;
                 }
             }
@@ -106,10 +106,10 @@ compare(QPDFObjectHandle a, QPDFObjectHandle b)
     case ::ot_null:
         break;
     case ::ot_stream:
-        std::cout << "stream objects are not compared" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "stream objects are not compared" << '\n';
         break;
     default:
-        std::cerr << "unknown object type" << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "unknown object type" << '\n';
         std::exit(2);
     }
  
@@ -120,23 +120,22 @@ bool
 compare_xref_table(std::map<QPDFObjGen, QPDFXRefEntry> a, std::map<QPDFObjGen, QPDFXRefEntry> b)
 {
     if (a.size() != b.size()) {
-        std::cerr << "different size" << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "different size" << '\n';
         return false;
     }
  
     for (auto const& iter: a) {
-        std::cout << "xref entry for " << iter.first.getObj() << "/" << iter.first.getGen()
-                  << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "xref entry for " << iter.first.getObj() << "/" << iter.first.getGen() << '\n';
  
         if (!b.contains(iter.first)) {
-            std::cerr << "not found" << std::endl;
+            std::cerr << "not found" << '\n';
             return false;
         }
  
         QPDFXRefEntry xref_a = iter.second;
         QPDFXRefEntry xref_b = b[iter.first];
         if (xref_a.getType() != xref_b.getType()) {
-            std::cerr << "different xref entry type" << std::endl;
+            std::cerr << "different xref entry type" << '\n';
             return false;
         }
  
@@ -145,19 +144,19 @@ compare_xref_table(std::map&lt;QPDFObjGen, QPDFXRefEntry&gt; a, std::map&lt;QPDFObjGen, Q
             break;
         case 1:
             if (xref_a.getOffset() != xref_a.getOffset()) {
-                std::cerr << "different offset" << std::endl;
+                std::cerr << "different offset" << '\n';
                 return false;
             }
             break;
         case 2:
             if (xref_a.getObjStreamNumber() != xref_a.getObjStreamNumber() ||
                 xref_a.getObjStreamIndex() != xref_a.getObjStreamIndex()) {
-                std::cerr << "different stream number or index" << std::endl;
+                std::cerr << "different stream number or index" << '\n';
                 return false;
             }
             break;
         default:
-            std::cerr << "unknown xref entry type" << std::endl;
+            std::cerr << "unknown xref entry type" << '\n';
             std::exit(2);
         }
     }
@@ -223,36 +222,36 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
             "renumbered", reinterpret_cast<char*>(buf->getBuffer()), buf->getSize());
         std::map<QPDFObjGen, QPDFXRefEntry> xrefs_ren = qpdf_ren.getXRefTable();
  
-        std::cout << "--- compare between input and renumbered objects ---" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "--- compare between input and renumbered objects ---" << '\n';
         for (auto const& iter: objs_in) {
             QPDFObjGen og_in = iter.getObjGen();
             QPDFObjGen og_ren = w.getRenumberedObjGen(og_in);
  
             std::cout << "input " << og_in.getObj() << "/" << og_in.getGen() << " -> renumbered "
-                      << og_ren.getObj() << "/" << og_ren.getGen() << std::endl;
+                      << og_ren.getObj() << "/" << og_ren.getGen() << '\n';
  
             if (og_ren.getObj() == 0) {
-                std::cout << "deleted" << std::endl;
+                std::cout << "deleted" << '\n';
                 continue;
             }
  
             if (!compare(iter, qpdf_ren.getObjectByObjGen(og_ren))) {
-                std::cerr << "different" << std::endl;
+                std::cerr << "different" << '\n';
                 std::exit(2);
             }
         }
-        std::cout << "complete" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "complete" << '\n';
  
-        std::cout << "--- compare between written and reloaded xref tables ---" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "--- compare between written and reloaded xref tables ---" << '\n';
         if (!compare_xref_table(xrefs_w, xrefs_ren)) {
-            std::cerr << "different" << std::endl;
+            std::cerr << "different" << '\n';
             std::exit(2);
         }
-        std::cout << "complete" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "complete" << '\n';
  
-        std::cout << "succeeded" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "succeeded" << '\n';
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << e.what() << '\n';
         std::exit(2);
     }
  
@@ -32,11 +32,11 @@ realmain(int argc, char* argv[])
     bool passed = (found_star && (argc == 2));
 #endif
     if (passed) {
-        std::cout << "PASSED" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "PASSED" << '\n';
     } else {
-        std::cout << "FAILED" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << "FAILED" << '\n';
         for (int i = 1; i < argc; ++i) {
-            std::cout << argv[i] << std::endl;
+            std::cout << argv[i] << '\n';
         }
     }
     return 0;
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ static char const* whoami = nullptr;
 void
 usage()
 {
-    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " [-maxlen len | -no-ignorable] filename" << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " [-maxlen len | -no-ignorable] filename" << '\n';
     exit(2);
 }
  
@@ -115,10 +115,10 @@ try_skipping(
     char const* what,
     Finder& f)
 {
-    std::cout << "skipping to " << what << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "skipping to " << what << '\n';
     qpdf_offset_t offset = is->tell();
     if (!is->findFirst(what, offset, 0, f)) {
-        std::cout << what << " not found" << std::endl;
+        std::cout << what << " not found" << '\n';
         is->seek(offset, SEEK_SET);
     }
 }
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ dump_tokens(
     bool skip_inline_images)
 {
     Finder f1(is, "endstream");
-    std::cout << "--- BEGIN " << label << " ---" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "--- BEGIN " << label << " ---" << '\n';
     bool done = false;
     QPDFTokenizer tokenizer;
     tokenizer.allowEOF();
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ dump_tokens(
         QPDFTokenizer::Token token =
             tokenizer.readToken(is, "test", true, inline_image_offset ? 0 : max_len);
         if (inline_image_offset && (token.getType() == QPDFTokenizer::tt_bad)) {
-            std::cout << "EI not found; resuming normal scanning" << std::endl;
+            std::cout << "EI not found; resuming normal scanning" << '\n';
             is->seek(inline_image_offset, SEEK_SET);
             inline_image_offset = 0;
             continue;
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ dump_tokens(
         if (!token.getErrorMessage().empty()) {
             std::cout << " (" << token.getErrorMessage() << ")";
         }
-        std::cout << std::endl;
+        std::cout << '\n';
         if (skip_streams && (token == QPDFTokenizer::Token(QPDFTokenizer::tt_word, "stream"))) {
             try_skipping(tokenizer, is, max_len, "endstream", f1);
         } else if (
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ dump_tokens(
             done = true;
         }
     }
-    std::cout << "--- END " << label << " ---" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "--- END " << label << " ---" << '\n';
 }
  
 static void
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ static void
 do_copy(FILE* in, FILE* out)
 {
     if ((in == nullptr) || (out == nullptr)) {
-        std::cerr << "errors opening files" << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "errors opening files" << '\n';
         exit(2);
     }
     char buf[10240];
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ do_copy(FILE* in, FILE* out)
         fwrite(buf, 1, len, out);
     }
     if (len != 0) {
-        std::cerr << "errors reading or writing" << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "errors reading or writing" << '\n';
         exit(2);
     }
     fclose(in);
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
     char const* f2 = "auto-\xc3\xb6\xcf\x80.pdf";
     copy(f1);
     copy(f2);
-    std::cout << "created Unicode filenames" << std::endl;
+    std::cout << "created Unicode filenames" << '\n';
     return 0;
 }
  
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ int
 main(int argc, char* argv[])
 {
     if (argc != 2) {
-        std::cerr << "usage: test_xref INPUT.pdf" << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << "usage: test_xref INPUT.pdf" << '\n';
         std::exit(2);
     }
  
@@ -20,23 +20,23 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
             std::cout << iter.first.getObj() << "/" << iter.first.getGen() << ", ";
             switch (iter.second.getType()) {
             case 0:
-                std::cout << "free entry" << std::endl;
+                std::cout << "free entry" << '\n';
                 break;
             case 1:
                 std::cout << "uncompressed, offset = " << iter.second.getOffset() << " (0x"
-                          << std::hex << iter.second.getOffset() << std::dec << ")" << std::endl;
+                          << std::hex << iter.second.getOffset() << std::dec << ")" << '\n';
                 break;
             case 2:
                 std::cout << "compressed, stream number = " << iter.second.getObjStreamNumber()
-                          << ", stream index = " << iter.second.getObjStreamIndex() << std::endl;
+                          << ", stream index = " << iter.second.getObjStreamIndex() << '\n';
                 break;
             default:
-                std::cerr << "unknown" << std::endl;
+                std::cerr << "unknown" << '\n';
                 std::exit(2);
             }
         }
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << e.what() << '\n';
         std::exit(2);
     }
  
@@ -13,11 +13,10 @@ static char const* whoami = nullptr;
 void
 usage()
 {
-    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " { -uncompress | -compress[=n] }" << std::endl
-              << "If n is specified with -compress, it is a zlib compression level from"
-              << std::endl
-              << "1 to 9 where lower numbers are faster and less compressed and higher" << std::endl
-              << "numbers are slower and more compressed" << std::endl;
+    std::cerr << "Usage: " << whoami << " { -uncompress | -compress[=n] }" << '\n'
+              << "If n is specified with -compress, it is a zlib compression level from" << '\n'
+              << "1 to 9 where lower numbers are faster and less compressed and higher" << '\n'
+              << "numbers are slower and more compressed" << '\n';
     exit(2);
 }
  
@@ -31,7 +30,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
     }
  
     if ((argc == 2) && (strcmp(argv[1], "--version") == 0)) {
-        std::cout << whoami << " from qpdf version " << QPDF::QPDFVersion() << std::endl;
+        std::cout << whoami << " from qpdf version " << QPDF::QPDFVersion() << '\n';
         exit(0);
     }
  
@@ -53,7 +52,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
         // Undocumented option, but that doesn't mean someone doesn't use it...
         // This is primarily here to support the test suite.
         std::cout << (Pl_Flate::zopfli_supported() ? "1" : "0")
-                  << (Pl_Flate::zopfli_enabled() ? "1" : "0") << std::endl;
+                  << (Pl_Flate::zopfli_enabled() ? "1" : "0") << '\n';
         return 0;
     } else {
         usage();
@@ -68,8 +67,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
         auto flate = std::make_shared<Pl_Flate>("flate", out.get(), action);
         flate->setWarnCallback([&warn](char const* msg, int code) {
             warn = true;
-            std::cerr << whoami << ": WARNING: zlib code " << code << ", msg = " << msg
-                      << std::endl;
+            std::cerr << whoami << ": WARNING: zlib code " << code << ", msg = " << msg << '\n';
         });
  
         unsigned char buf[10000];
@@ -84,7 +82,7 @@ main(int argc, char* argv[])
         }
         flate->finish();
     } catch (std::exception& e) {
-        std::cerr << whoami << ": " << e.what() << std::endl;
+        std::cerr << whoami << ": " << e.what() << '\n';
         exit(2);
     }