.. _qdf:

QDF Mode
========

.. Help text for --qdf refers to the name of this chapter.

In QDF mode, qpdf creates PDF files in what we call *QDF
form*. A PDF file in QDF form, sometimes called a QDF
file, is a completely valid PDF file that has ``%QDF-1.0`` as its third
line (after the pdf header and binary characters) and has certain other
characteristics. The purpose of QDF form is to make it possible to edit
PDF files, with some restrictions, in an ordinary text editor. This can
be very useful for experimenting with different PDF constructs or for
making one-off edits to PDF files (though there are other reasons why
this may not always work). Note that QDF mode does not support
linearized files. If you enable linearization, QDF mode is automatically
disabled.

It is ordinarily very difficult to edit PDF files in a text editor for
two reasons: most meaningful data in PDF files is compressed, and PDF
files are full of offset and length information that makes it hard to
add or remove data. A QDF file is organized in a manner such that, if
edits are kept within certain constraints, the
:command:`fix-qdf` program, distributed with qpdf, is
able to restore edited files to a correct state.

.. code-block:: bash

  fix-qdf [infilename [outfilename]]

With no arguments, :command:`fix-qdf` reads the possibly-edited QDF
file from standard input and writes a repaired file to standard
output. You can also specify the input and output files as
command-line arguments. With one argument, the argument is taken as an
input file. With two arguments, the first argument is an input file,
and the second is an output file.

For another way to work with PDF files in an editor, see :ref:`json`.
Using qpdf JSON format allows you to edit the PDF file semantically
without having to be concerned about PDF syntax. However, QDF files
are actually valid PDF files, so the feedback cycle may be faster if
previewing with a PDF reader. Also, since QDF files are valid PDF, you
can experiment with all aspects of the PDF file, including syntax.

The following attributes characterize a QDF file:

- All objects appear in numerical order in the PDF file, including when
  objects appear in object streams.

- Objects are printed in an easy-to-read format, and all line endings
  are normalized to UNIX line endings.

- Unless specifically overridden, streams appear uncompressed (when
  qpdf supports the filters and they are compressed with a non-lossy
  compression scheme), and most content streams are normalized (line
  endings are converted to just a UNIX-style linefeeds).

- All streams lengths are represented as indirect objects, and the
  stream length object is always the next object after the stream. If
  the stream data does not end with a newline, an extra newline is
  inserted, and a special comment appears after the stream indicating
  that this has been done.

- If the PDF file contains object streams, if object stream *n*
  contains *k* objects, those objects are numbered from *n+1* through
  *n+k*, and the object number/offset pairs appear on a separate line
  for each object. Additionally, each object in the object stream is
  preceded by a comment indicating its object number and index. This
  makes it very easy to find objects in object streams.

- All beginnings of objects, ``stream`` tokens, ``endstream`` tokens,
  and ``endobj`` tokens appear on lines by themselves. A blank line
  follows every ``endobj`` token.

- If there is a cross-reference stream, it is unfiltered.

- Page dictionaries and page content streams are marked with special
  comments that make them easy to find.

- Comments precede each object indicating the object number of the
  corresponding object in the original file.

When editing a QDF file, any edits can be made as long as the above
constraints are maintained. This means that you can freely edit a page's
content without worrying about messing up the QDF file. It is also
possible to add new objects so long as those objects are added after the
last object in the file or subsequent objects are renumbered. If a QDF
file has object streams in it, you can always add the new objects before
the xref stream and then change the number of the xref stream, since
nothing generally ever references it by number.

It is not generally practical to remove objects from QDF files without
messing up object numbering, but if you remove all references to an
object without removing the object itself (by removing all indirect
objects that point to it), this will leave the object unreferenced.
Then you can run qpdf on the file (after running :command:`fix-qdf`),
and qpdf will omit the now-orphaned object.

When :command:`fix-qdf` is run, it goes through the file
and recomputes the following parts of the file:

- the ``/N``, ``/W``, and ``/First`` keys of all object stream
  dictionaries

- the pairs of numbers representing object numbers and offsets of
  objects in object streams

- all stream lengths

- the cross-reference table or cross-reference stream

- the offset to the cross-reference table or cross-reference stream
  following the ``startxref`` token
