diff --git a/include/qpdf/QPDF.hh b/include/qpdf/QPDF.hh
index 7dfcbeb..cecb242 100644
--- a/include/qpdf/QPDF.hh
+++ b/include/qpdf/QPDF.hh
@@ -747,20 +747,7 @@ class QPDF
     class ResolveRecorder;
     class JSONReactor;
 
-    void stopOnError(std::string const& message);
-    inline void
-    no_ci_stop_if(bool condition, std::string const& message, std::string const& context = {});
     void removeObject(QPDFObjGen og);
-    static QPDFExc damagedPDF(
-        InputSource& input,
-        std::string const& object,
-        qpdf_offset_t offset,
-        std::string const& message);
-    QPDFExc damagedPDF(InputSource& input, qpdf_offset_t offset, std::string const& message);
-    QPDFExc damagedPDF(std::string const& object, qpdf_offset_t offset, std::string const& message);
-    QPDFExc damagedPDF(std::string const& object, std::string const& message);
-    QPDFExc damagedPDF(qpdf_offset_t offset, std::string const& message);
-    QPDFExc damagedPDF(std::string const& message);
 
     // Calls finish() on the pipeline when done but does not delete it
     bool pipeStreamData(
diff --git a/include/qpdf/QPDFPageDocumentHelper.hh b/include/qpdf/QPDFPageDocumentHelper.hh
index 3714258..2820b93 100644
--- a/include/qpdf/QPDFPageDocumentHelper.hh
+++ b/include/qpdf/QPDFPageDocumentHelper.hh
@@ -120,13 +120,6 @@ class QPDFPageDocumentHelper: public QPDFDocumentHelper
     void flattenAnnotations(int required_flags = 0, int forbidden_flags = an_invisible | an_hidden);
 
   private:
-    void flattenAnnotationsForPage(
-        QPDFPageObjectHelper& page,
-        QPDFObjectHandle& resources,
-        QPDFAcroFormDocumentHelper& afdh,
-        int required_flags,
-        int forbidden_flags);
-
     class Members;
 
     std::shared_ptr<Members> m;
diff --git a/libqpdf/CMakeLists.txt b/libqpdf/CMakeLists.txt
index ade7a2d..d8f15ca 100644
--- a/libqpdf/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/libqpdf/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -76,7 +76,6 @@ set(libqpdf_SOURCES
   QPDFObjectHelper.cc
   QPDFOutlineDocumentHelper.cc
   QPDFOutlineObjectHelper.cc
-  QPDFPageDocumentHelper.cc
   QPDFPageLabelDocumentHelper.cc
   QPDFPageObjectHelper.cc
   QPDFParser.cc
@@ -94,7 +93,6 @@ set(libqpdf_SOURCES
   QPDF_json.cc
   QPDF_linearization.cc
   QPDF_objects.cc
-  QPDF_optimization.cc
   QPDF_pages.cc
   QTC.cc
   QUtil.cc
diff --git a/libqpdf/QPDF.cc b/libqpdf/QPDF.cc
index 010e101..f0d3882 100644
--- a/libqpdf/QPDF.cc
+++ b/libqpdf/QPDF.cc
@@ -27,7 +27,9 @@
 using namespace qpdf;
 using namespace std::literals;
 
-using Objects = QPDF::Doc::Objects;
+using Doc = QPDF::Doc;
+using Common = Doc::Common;
+using Objects = Doc::Objects;
 using Foreign = Objects::Foreign;
 using Streams = Objects::Streams;
 
@@ -126,10 +128,11 @@ QPDF::QPDFVersion()
 }
 
 QPDF::Members::Members(QPDF& qpdf) :
-    doc(qpdf, *this),
-    lin(doc.linearization()),
-    objects(doc.objects()),
-    pages(doc.pages()),
+    Doc(qpdf, this),
+    c(qpdf, this),
+    lin(*this),
+    objects(*this),
+    pages(*this),
     log(QPDFLogger::defaultLogger()),
     file(std::make_shared<InvalidInputSource>()),
     encp(std::make_shared<EncryptionParameters>())
@@ -363,6 +366,12 @@ QPDF::findHeader()
 void
 QPDF::warn(QPDFExc const& e)
 {
+    m->c.warn(e);
+}
+
+void
+Common::warn(QPDFExc const& e)
+{
     if (m->max_warnings > 0 && m->warnings.size() >= m->max_warnings) {
         stopOnError("Too many warnings - file is too badly damaged");
     }
@@ -379,7 +388,17 @@ QPDF::warn(
     qpdf_offset_t offset,
     std::string const& message)
 {
-    warn(QPDFExc(error_code, getFilename(), object, offset, message));
+    m->c.warn(QPDFExc(error_code, getFilename(), object, offset, message));
+}
+
+void
+Common::warn(
+    qpdf_error_code_e error_code,
+    std::string const& object,
+    qpdf_offset_t offset,
+    std::string const& message)
+{
+    warn(QPDFExc(error_code, qpdf.getFilename(), object, offset, message));
 }
 
 QPDFObjectHandle
@@ -514,7 +533,7 @@ Objects::Foreign::Copier::copied(QPDFObjectHandle const& foreign)
 
     auto og = foreign.getObjGen();
     if (!object_map.contains(og)) {
-        qpdf.warn(qpdf.damagedPDF(
+        warn(damagedPDF(
             foreign.qpdf()->getFilename() + " object " + og.unparse(' '),
             foreign.offset(),
             "unexpected reference to /Pages object while copying foreign object; replacing with "
@@ -692,12 +711,12 @@ QPDF::getRoot()
 {
     QPDFObjectHandle root = m->trailer.getKey("/Root");
     if (!root.isDictionary()) {
-        throw damagedPDF("", -1, "unable to find /Root dictionary");
+        throw m->c.damagedPDF("", -1, "unable to find /Root dictionary");
     } else if (
         // Check_mode is an interim solution to request #810 pending a more comprehensive review of
         // the approach to more extensive checks and warning levels.
         m->check_mode && !root.getKey("/Type").isNameAndEquals("/Catalog")) {
-        warn(damagedPDF("", -1, "catalog /Type entry missing or invalid"));
+        warn(m->c.damagedPDF("", -1, "catalog /Type entry missing or invalid"));
         root.replaceKey("/Type", "/Catalog"_qpdf);
     }
     return root;
@@ -743,7 +762,7 @@ QPDF::pipeStreamData(
     try {
         auto buf = file->read(length, offset);
         if (buf.size() != length) {
-            throw damagedPDF(
+            throw qpdf_for_warning.m->c.damagedPDF(
                 *file, "", offset + toO(buf.size()), "unexpected EOF reading stream data");
         }
         pipeline->write(buf.data(), length);
@@ -759,7 +778,7 @@ QPDF::pipeStreamData(
             QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF decoding error warning");
             qpdf_for_warning.warn(
                 // line-break
-                damagedPDF(
+                qpdf_for_warning.m->c.damagedPDF(
                     *file,
                     "",
                     file->getLastOffset(),
@@ -768,7 +787,7 @@ QPDF::pipeStreamData(
             if (will_retry) {
                 qpdf_for_warning.warn(
                     // line-break
-                    damagedPDF(
+                    qpdf_for_warning.m->c.damagedPDF(
                         *file,
                         "",
                         file->getLastOffset(),
@@ -814,14 +833,14 @@ QPDF::pipeStreamData(
 // Throw a generic exception when we lack context for something more specific. New code should not
 // use this.
 void
-QPDF::stopOnError(std::string const& message)
+Common::stopOnError(std::string const& message)
 {
     throw damagedPDF("", message);
 }
 
 // Return an exception of type qpdf_e_damaged_pdf.
 QPDFExc
-QPDF::damagedPDF(
+Common::damagedPDF(
     InputSource& input, std::string const& object, qpdf_offset_t offset, std::string const& message)
 {
     return {qpdf_e_damaged_pdf, input.getName(), object, offset, message, true};
@@ -830,14 +849,15 @@ QPDF::damagedPDF(
 // Return an exception of type qpdf_e_damaged_pdf.  The object is taken from
 // m->last_object_description.
 QPDFExc
-QPDF::damagedPDF(InputSource& input, qpdf_offset_t offset, std::string const& message)
+Common::damagedPDF(InputSource& input, qpdf_offset_t offset, std::string const& message) const
 {
     return damagedPDF(input, m->last_object_description, offset, message);
 }
 
 // Return an exception of type qpdf_e_damaged_pdf.  The filename is taken from m->file.
 QPDFExc
-QPDF::damagedPDF(std::string const& object, qpdf_offset_t offset, std::string const& message)
+Common::damagedPDF(
+    std::string const& object, qpdf_offset_t offset, std::string const& message) const
 {
     return {qpdf_e_damaged_pdf, m->file->getName(), object, offset, message, true};
 }
@@ -845,7 +865,7 @@ QPDF::damagedPDF(std::string const& object, qpdf_offset_t offset, std::string co
 // Return an exception of type qpdf_e_damaged_pdf.  The filename is taken from m->file and the
 // offset from .m->file->getLastOffset().
 QPDFExc
-QPDF::damagedPDF(std::string const& object, std::string const& message)
+Common::damagedPDF(std::string const& object, std::string const& message) const
 {
     return damagedPDF(object, m->file->getLastOffset(), message);
 }
@@ -853,7 +873,7 @@ QPDF::damagedPDF(std::string const& object, std::string const& message)
 // Return an exception of type qpdf_e_damaged_pdf. The filename is taken from m->file and the object
 // from .m->last_object_description.
 QPDFExc
-QPDF::damagedPDF(qpdf_offset_t offset, std::string const& message)
+Common::damagedPDF(qpdf_offset_t offset, std::string const& message) const
 {
     return damagedPDF(m->last_object_description, offset, message);
 }
@@ -861,7 +881,7 @@ QPDF::damagedPDF(qpdf_offset_t offset, std::string const& message)
 // Return an exception of type qpdf_e_damaged_pdf.  The filename is taken from m->file, the object
 // from m->last_object_description and the offset from m->file->getLastOffset().
 QPDFExc
-QPDF::damagedPDF(std::string const& message)
+Common::damagedPDF(std::string const& message) const
 {
     return damagedPDF(m->last_object_description, m->file->getLastOffset(), message);
 }
@@ -869,13 +889,13 @@ QPDF::damagedPDF(std::string const& message)
 bool
 QPDF::everCalledGetAllPages() const
 {
-    return m->ever_called_get_all_pages;
+    return m->pages.ever_called_get_all_pages();
 }
 
 bool
 QPDF::everPushedInheritedAttributesToPages() const
 {
-    return m->ever_pushed_inherited_attributes_to_pages;
+    return m->pages.ever_pushed_inherited_attributes_to_pages();
 }
 
 void
diff --git a/libqpdf/QPDFJob.cc b/libqpdf/QPDFJob.cc
index cdcadc9..287bfee 100644
--- a/libqpdf/QPDFJob.cc
+++ b/libqpdf/QPDFJob.cc
@@ -30,8 +30,11 @@
 
 using namespace qpdf;
 
+using Doc = QPDF::Doc;
+using Pages = Doc::Pages;
+
 // JobSetter class is restricted to QPDFJob.
-class QPDF::Doc::JobSetter
+class Doc::JobSetter
 {
   public:
     // Enable enhanced warnings for pdf file checking.
@@ -746,7 +749,7 @@ QPDFJob::doCheck(QPDF& pdf)
     bool okay = true;
     auto& cout = *m->log->getInfo();
     cout << "checking " << m->infile_name() << "\n";
-    QPDF::Doc::JobSetter::setCheckMode(pdf, true);
+    Doc::JobSetter::setCheckMode(pdf, true);
     try {
         int extension_level = pdf.getExtensionLevel();
         cout << "PDF Version: " << pdf.getPDFVersion();
@@ -852,7 +855,7 @@ QPDFJob::doShowPages(QPDF& pdf)
 {
     int pageno = 0;
     auto& cout = *m->log->getInfo();
-    for (auto& page: pdf.getAllPages()) {
+    for (auto& page: pdf.doc().pages()) {
         QPDFPageObjectHelper ph(page);
         ++pageno;
 
@@ -1040,13 +1043,14 @@ QPDFJob::doJSONObjectinfo(Pipeline* p, bool& first, QPDF& pdf)
 void
 QPDFJob::doJSONPages(Pipeline* p, bool& first, QPDF& pdf)
 {
+    auto& doc = pdf.doc();
     JSON::writeDictionaryKey(p, first, "pages", 1);
     bool first_page = true;
     JSON::writeArrayOpen(p, first_page, 2);
-    auto& pldh = pdf.doc().page_labels();
-    auto& odh = pdf.doc().outlines();
+    auto& pldh = doc.page_labels();
+    auto& odh = doc.outlines();
     int pageno = -1;
-    for (auto& page: pdf.getAllPages()) {
+    for (auto& page: doc.pages()) {
         ++pageno;
         JSON j_page = JSON::makeDictionary();
         QPDFPageObjectHelper ph(page);
@@ -1105,9 +1109,10 @@ QPDFJob::doJSONPages(Pipeline* p, bool& first, QPDF& pdf)
 void
 QPDFJob::doJSONPageLabels(Pipeline* p, bool& first, QPDF& pdf)
 {
+    auto& doc = pdf.doc();
     JSON j_labels = JSON::makeArray();
-    auto& pldh = pdf.doc().page_labels();
-    long long npages = QIntC::to_longlong(pdf.getAllPages().size());
+    auto& pldh = doc.page_labels();
+    long long npages = QIntC::to_longlong(doc.pages().size());
     if (pldh.hasPageLabels()) {
         std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> labels;
         pldh.getLabelsForPageRange(0, npages - 1, 0, labels);
@@ -1153,27 +1158,29 @@ QPDFJob::addOutlinesToJson(
 void
 QPDFJob::doJSONOutlines(Pipeline* p, bool& first, QPDF& pdf)
 {
+    auto& doc = pdf.doc();
     std::map<QPDFObjGen, int> page_numbers;
     int n = 0;
-    for (auto const& oh: pdf.getAllPages()) {
+    for (auto const& oh: doc.pages()) {
         page_numbers[oh] = ++n;
     }
 
     JSON j_outlines = JSON::makeArray();
-    addOutlinesToJson(pdf.doc().outlines().getTopLevelOutlines(), j_outlines, page_numbers);
+    addOutlinesToJson(doc.outlines().getTopLevelOutlines(), j_outlines, page_numbers);
     JSON::writeDictionaryItem(p, first, "outlines", j_outlines, 1);
 }
 
 void
 QPDFJob::doJSONAcroform(Pipeline* p, bool& first, QPDF& pdf)
 {
+    auto& doc = pdf.doc();
     JSON j_acroform = JSON::makeDictionary();
-    auto& afdh = pdf.doc().acroform();
+    auto& afdh = doc.acroform();
     j_acroform.addDictionaryMember("hasacroform", JSON::makeBool(afdh.hasAcroForm()));
     j_acroform.addDictionaryMember("needappearances", JSON::makeBool(afdh.getNeedAppearances()));
     JSON j_fields = j_acroform.addDictionaryMember("fields", JSON::makeArray());
     int pagepos1 = 0;
-    for (auto const& page: pdf.getAllPages()) {
+    for (auto const& page: doc.pages()) {
         ++pagepos1;
         for (auto& aoh: afdh.getWidgetAnnotationsForPage({page})) {
             QPDFFormFieldObjectHelper ffh = afdh.getFieldForAnnotation(aoh);
@@ -1852,7 +1859,7 @@ QPDFJob::validateUnderOverlay(QPDF& pdf, UnderOverlay* uo)
     processFile(uo->pdf, uo->filename.data(), uo->password.data(), true, false);
     try {
         uo->to_pagenos =
-            QUtil::parse_numrange(uo->to_nr.data(), static_cast<int>(pdf.getAllPages().size()));
+            QUtil::parse_numrange(uo->to_nr.data(), static_cast<int>(pdf.doc().pages().size()));
     } catch (std::runtime_error& e) {
         throw std::runtime_error(
             "parsing numeric range for " + uo->which + " \"to\" pages: " + e.what());
@@ -1861,7 +1868,7 @@ QPDFJob::validateUnderOverlay(QPDF& pdf, UnderOverlay* uo)
         if (uo->from_nr.empty()) {
             uo->from_nr = uo->repeat_nr;
         }
-        int uo_npages = static_cast<int>(uo->pdf->getAllPages().size());
+        int uo_npages = static_cast<int>(uo->pdf->doc().pages().size());
         uo->from_pagenos = QUtil::parse_numrange(uo->from_nr.data(), uo_npages);
         if (!uo->repeat_nr.empty()) {
             uo->repeat_pagenos = QUtil::parse_numrange(uo->repeat_nr.data(), uo_npages);
@@ -1887,7 +1894,7 @@ QPDFJob::doUnderOverlayForPage(
     }
     auto& dest_afdh = dest_page.qpdf()->doc().acroform();
 
-    auto const& pages = uo.pdf->getAllPages();
+    auto const& pages = uo.pdf->doc().pages().all();
     std::string content;
     int min_suffix = 1;
     QPDFObjectHandle resources = dest_page.getAttribute("/Resources", true);
@@ -1957,7 +1964,7 @@ QPDFJob::handleUnderOverlay(QPDF& pdf)
         validateUnderOverlay(pdf, &uo);
     }
 
-    auto const& dest_pages = pdf.getAllPages();
+    auto const& dest_pages = pdf.doc().pages().all();
 
     // First vector key is 0-based page number. Second is index into the overlay/underlay vector.
     // Watch out to not reverse the keys or be off by one.
@@ -2349,14 +2356,15 @@ QPDFJob::Input::initialize(Inputs& in, QPDF* a_qpdf)
 {
     qpdf = a_qpdf ? a_qpdf : qpdf_p.get();
     if (qpdf) {
-        orig_pages = qpdf->getAllPages();
+        auto& doc = qpdf->doc();
+        orig_pages = doc.pages().all();
         n_pages = static_cast<int>(orig_pages.size());
         copied_pages = std::vector<bool>(orig_pages.size(), false);
 
         if (in.job.m->remove_unreferenced_page_resources != QPDFJob::re_no) {
             remove_unreferenced = in.job.shouldRemoveUnreferencedResources(*qpdf);
         }
-        if (qpdf->doc().page_labels().hasPageLabels()) {
+        if (doc.page_labels().hasPageLabels()) {
             in.any_page_labels = true;
         }
     }
@@ -3001,6 +3009,8 @@ QPDFJob::setWriterOptions(QPDFWriter& w)
 void
 QPDFJob::doSplitPages(QPDF& pdf)
 {
+    auto& doc = pdf.doc();
+
     // Generate output file pattern
     std::string before;
     std::string after;
@@ -3024,9 +3034,9 @@ QPDFJob::doSplitPages(QPDF& pdf)
         QPDFPageDocumentHelper dh(pdf);
         dh.removeUnreferencedResources();
     }
-    auto& pldh = pdf.doc().page_labels();
-    auto& afdh = pdf.doc().acroform();
-    std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> const& pages = pdf.getAllPages();
+    auto& pldh = doc.page_labels();
+    auto& afdh = doc.acroform();
+    std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> const& pages = doc.pages().all();
     size_t pageno_len = std::to_string(pages.size()).length();
     size_t num_pages = pages.size();
     for (size_t i = 0; i < num_pages; i += QIntC::to_size(m->split_pages)) {
diff --git a/libqpdf/QPDFObjectHandle.cc b/libqpdf/QPDFObjectHandle.cc
index 2abb4db..9029399 100644
--- a/libqpdf/QPDFObjectHandle.cc
+++ b/libqpdf/QPDFObjectHandle.cc
@@ -2099,22 +2099,22 @@ bool
 QPDFObjectHandle::isPageObject() const
 {
     // See comments in QPDFObjectHandle.hh.
-    if (getOwningQPDF() == nullptr) {
+    if (!qpdf()) {
         return false;
     }
     // getAllPages repairs /Type when traversing the page tree.
-    getOwningQPDF()->getAllPages();
+    (void)qpdf()->doc().pages().all();
     return isDictionaryOfType("/Page");
 }
 
 bool
 QPDFObjectHandle::isPagesObject() const
 {
-    if (getOwningQPDF() == nullptr) {
+    if (!qpdf()) {
         return false;
     }
     // getAllPages repairs /Type when traversing the page tree.
-    getOwningQPDF()->getAllPages();
+    (void)qpdf()->doc().pages().all();
     return isDictionaryOfType("/Pages");
 }
 
diff --git a/libqpdf/QPDFPageDocumentHelper.cc b/libqpdf/QPDFPageDocumentHelper.cc
deleted file mode 100644
index 8f1c323..0000000
--- a/libqpdf/QPDFPageDocumentHelper.cc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,176 +0,0 @@
-#include <qpdf/QPDFPageDocumentHelper.hh>
-
-#include <qpdf/QPDFAcroFormDocumentHelper.hh>
-#include <qpdf/QPDFObjectHandle_private.hh>
-#include <qpdf/QPDF_private.hh>
-#include <qpdf/QTC.hh>
-#include <qpdf/QUtil.hh>
-
-class QPDFPageDocumentHelper::Members
-{
-};
-
-QPDFPageDocumentHelper::QPDFPageDocumentHelper(QPDF& qpdf) :
-    QPDFDocumentHelper(qpdf)
-{
-}
-
-QPDFPageDocumentHelper&
-QPDFPageDocumentHelper::get(QPDF& qpdf)
-{
-    return qpdf.doc().page_dh();
-}
-
-void
-QPDFPageDocumentHelper::validate(bool repair)
-{
-}
-
-std::vector<QPDFPageObjectHelper>
-QPDFPageDocumentHelper::getAllPages()
-{
-    std::vector<QPDFPageObjectHelper> pages;
-    for (auto const& iter: qpdf.getAllPages()) {
-        pages.emplace_back(iter);
-    }
-    return pages;
-}
-
-void
-QPDFPageDocumentHelper::pushInheritedAttributesToPage()
-{
-    qpdf.pushInheritedAttributesToPage();
-}
-
-void
-QPDFPageDocumentHelper::removeUnreferencedResources()
-{
-    for (auto& ph: getAllPages()) {
-        ph.removeUnreferencedResources();
-    }
-}
-
-void
-QPDFPageDocumentHelper::addPage(QPDFPageObjectHelper newpage, bool first)
-{
-    qpdf.addPage(newpage.getObjectHandle(), first);
-}
-
-void
-QPDFPageDocumentHelper::addPageAt(
-    QPDFPageObjectHelper newpage, bool before, QPDFPageObjectHelper refpage)
-{
-    qpdf.addPageAt(newpage.getObjectHandle(), before, refpage.getObjectHandle());
-}
-
-void
-QPDFPageDocumentHelper::removePage(QPDFPageObjectHelper page)
-{
-    qpdf.removePage(page.getObjectHandle());
-}
-
-void
-QPDFPageDocumentHelper::flattenAnnotations(int required_flags, int forbidden_flags)
-{
-    auto& afdh = qpdf.doc().acroform();
-    if (afdh.getNeedAppearances()) {
-        qpdf.getRoot()
-            .getKey("/AcroForm")
-            .warn(
-                "document does not have updated appearance streams, so form fields "
-                "will not be flattened");
-    }
-    for (auto& ph: getAllPages()) {
-        QPDFObjectHandle resources = ph.getAttribute("/Resources", true);
-        if (!resources.isDictionary()) {
-            // As of #1521, this should be impossible unless a user inserted an invalid page.
-            resources = ph.getObjectHandle().replaceKeyAndGetNew(
-                "/Resources", QPDFObjectHandle::newDictionary());
-        }
-        flattenAnnotationsForPage(ph, resources, afdh, required_flags, forbidden_flags);
-    }
-    if (!afdh.getNeedAppearances()) {
-        qpdf.getRoot().removeKey("/AcroForm");
-    }
-}
-
-void
-QPDFPageDocumentHelper::flattenAnnotationsForPage(
-    QPDFPageObjectHelper& page,
-    QPDFObjectHandle& resources,
-    QPDFAcroFormDocumentHelper& afdh,
-    int required_flags,
-    int forbidden_flags)
-{
-    bool need_appearances = afdh.getNeedAppearances();
-    std::vector<QPDFAnnotationObjectHelper> annots = page.getAnnotations();
-    std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> new_annots;
-    std::string new_content;
-    int rotate = 0;
-    QPDFObjectHandle rotate_obj = page.getObjectHandle().getKey("/Rotate");
-    if (rotate_obj.isInteger() && rotate_obj.getIntValue()) {
-        rotate = rotate_obj.getIntValueAsInt();
-    }
-    int next_fx = 1;
-    for (auto& aoh: annots) {
-        QPDFObjectHandle as = aoh.getAppearanceStream("/N");
-        bool is_widget = (aoh.getSubtype() == "/Widget");
-        bool process = true;
-        if (need_appearances && is_widget) {
-            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDFPageDocumentHelper skip widget need appearances");
-            process = false;
-        }
-        if (process && as.isStream()) {
-            if (is_widget) {
-                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDFPageDocumentHelper merge DR");
-                QPDFFormFieldObjectHelper ff = afdh.getFieldForAnnotation(aoh);
-                QPDFObjectHandle as_resources = as.getDict().getKey("/Resources");
-                if (as_resources.isIndirect()) {
-                    QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDFPageDocumentHelper indirect as resources");
-                    as.getDict().replaceKey("/Resources", as_resources.shallowCopy());
-                    as_resources = as.getDict().getKey("/Resources");
-                }
-                as_resources.mergeResources(ff.getDefaultResources());
-            } else {
-                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDFPageDocumentHelper non-widget annotation");
-            }
-            std::string name = resources.getUniqueResourceName("/Fxo", next_fx);
-            std::string content =
-                aoh.getPageContentForAppearance(name, rotate, required_flags, forbidden_flags);
-            if (!content.empty()) {
-                resources.mergeResources("<< /XObject << >> >>"_qpdf);
-                resources.getKey("/XObject").replaceKey(name, as);
-                ++next_fx;
-            }
-            new_content += content;
-        } else if (process && !aoh.getAppearanceDictionary().null()) {
-            // If an annotation has no selected appearance stream, just drop the annotation when
-            // flattening. This can happen for unchecked checkboxes and radio buttons, popup windows
-            // associated with comments that aren't visible, and other types of annotations that
-            // aren't visible. Annotations that have no appearance streams at all, such as Link,
-            // Popup, and Projection, should be preserved.
-            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDFPageDocumentHelper ignore annotation with no appearance");
-        } else {
-            new_annots.push_back(aoh.getObjectHandle());
-        }
-    }
-    if (new_annots.size() != annots.size()) {
-        QPDFObjectHandle page_oh = page.getObjectHandle();
-        if (new_annots.empty()) {
-            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDFPageDocumentHelper remove annots");
-            page_oh.removeKey("/Annots");
-        } else {
-            QPDFObjectHandle old_annots = page_oh.getKey("/Annots");
-            QPDFObjectHandle new_annots_oh = QPDFObjectHandle::newArray(new_annots);
-            if (old_annots.isIndirect()) {
-                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDFPageDocumentHelper replace indirect annots");
-                qpdf.replaceObject(old_annots.getObjGen(), new_annots_oh);
-            } else {
-                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDFPageDocumentHelper replace direct annots");
-                page_oh.replaceKey("/Annots", new_annots_oh);
-            }
-        }
-        page.addPageContents(qpdf.newStream("q\n"), true);
-        page.addPageContents(qpdf.newStream("\nQ\n" + new_content), false);
-    }
-}
diff --git a/libqpdf/QPDFWriter.cc b/libqpdf/QPDFWriter.cc
index 1052e8f..3977bb4 100644
--- a/libqpdf/QPDFWriter.cc
+++ b/libqpdf/QPDFWriter.cc
@@ -27,7 +27,8 @@
 using namespace std::literals;
 using namespace qpdf;
 
-using Encryption = QPDF::Doc::Encryption;
+using Doc = QPDF::Doc;
+using Encryption = Doc::Encryption;
 
 QPDFWriter::ProgressReporter::~ProgressReporter() // NOLINT (modernize-use-equals-default)
 {
@@ -262,13 +263,13 @@ Pl_stack::Popper::pop()
 }
 
 // Writer class is restricted to QPDFWriter so that only it can call certain methods.
-class QPDF::Doc::Writer
+class Doc::Writer: Doc::Common
 {
     friend class QPDFWriter;
-    Writer(QPDF& pdf) :
-        pdf(pdf),
-        lin(pdf.m->lin),
-        objects(pdf.m->objects)
+    Writer(QPDF& qpdf) :
+        Common(qpdf, qpdf.doc().m),
+        lin(m->lin),
+        objects(m->objects)
     {
     }
 
@@ -326,10 +327,9 @@ class QPDF::Doc::Writer
     size_t
     tableSize()
     {
-        return pdf.m->objects.tableSize();
+        return qpdf.m->objects.tableSize();
     }
 
-    QPDF& pdf;
     QPDF::Doc::Linearization& lin;
     QPDF::Doc::Objects& objects;
 };
@@ -352,7 +352,8 @@ class QPDFWriter::Members: QPDF::Doc::Writer
         QPDF::Doc::Writer(pdf),
         w(w),
         root_og(
-            pdf.getRoot().getObjGen().isIndirect() ? pdf.getRoot().getObjGen() : QPDFObjGen(-1, 0)),
+            qpdf.getRoot().getObjGen().isIndirect() ? qpdf.getRoot().getObjGen()
+                                                    : QPDFObjGen(-1, 0)),
         pipeline_stack(pipeline)
     {
     }
@@ -1372,7 +1373,7 @@ QPDFWriter::Members::enqueueObject(QPDFObjectHandle object)
         // object to have an owning QPDF that is from another file if a direct QPDFObjectHandle from
         // one file was insert into another file without copying. Doing that is safe even if the
         // original QPDF gets destroyed, which just disconnects the QPDFObjectHandle from its owner.
-        if (object.getOwningQPDF() != &pdf) {
+        if (object.getOwningQPDF() != &qpdf) {
             throw std::logic_error(
                 "QPDFObjectHandle from different QPDF found while writing.  Use "
                 "QPDF::copyForeignObject to add objects from another file.");
@@ -1396,7 +1397,7 @@ QPDFWriter::Members::enqueueObject(QPDFObjectHandle object)
                 // stream.  Object streams always have generation 0.
                 // Detect loops by storing invalid object ID -1, which will get overwritten later.
                 o.renumber = -1;
-                enqueueObject(pdf.getObject(o.object_stream, 0));
+                enqueueObject(qpdf.getObject(o.object_stream, 0));
             } else {
                 object_queue.emplace_back(object);
                 o.renumber = next_objid++;
@@ -1907,7 +1908,7 @@ QPDFWriter::Members::writeObjectStream(QPDFObjectHandle object)
             // reporting, decrement in pass 1.
             indicateProgress(true, false);
 
-            QPDFObjectHandle obj_to_write = pdf.getObject(og);
+            QPDFObjectHandle obj_to_write = qpdf.getObject(og);
             if (obj_to_write.isStream()) {
                 // This condition occurred in a fuzz input. Ideally we should block it at parse
                 // time, but it's not clear to me how to construct a case for this.
@@ -2024,7 +2025,7 @@ QPDFWriter::Members::writeObject(QPDFObjectHandle object, int object_stream_inde
 std::string
 QPDFWriter::Members::getOriginalID1()
 {
-    QPDFObjectHandle trailer = pdf.getTrailer();
+    QPDFObjectHandle trailer = qpdf.getTrailer();
     if (trailer.hasKey("/ID")) {
         return trailer.getKey("/ID").getArrayItem(0).getStringValue();
     } else {
@@ -2042,7 +2043,7 @@ QPDFWriter::Members::generateID(bool encrypted)
         return;
     }
 
-    QPDFObjectHandle trailer = pdf.getTrailer();
+    QPDFObjectHandle trailer = qpdf.getTrailer();
 
     std::string result;
 
@@ -2126,7 +2127,6 @@ void
 QPDFWriter::Members::initializeSpecialStreams()
 {
     // Mark all page content streams in case we are filtering or normalizing.
-    std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> pages = pdf.getAllPages();
     int num = 0;
     for (auto& page: pages) {
         page_object_to_seq[page.getObjGen()] = ++num;
@@ -2220,13 +2220,13 @@ QPDFWriter::Members::generateObjectStreams()
         ++n_per;
     }
     unsigned int n = 0;
-    int cur_ostream = pdf.newIndirectNull().getObjectID();
+    int cur_ostream = qpdf.newIndirectNull().getObjectID();
     for (auto const& item: eligible) {
         if (n == n_per) {
             n = 0;
             // Construct a new null object as the "original" object stream.  The rest of the code
             // knows that this means we're creating the object stream from scratch.
-            cur_ostream = pdf.newIndirectNull().getObjectID();
+            cur_ostream = qpdf.newIndirectNull().getObjectID();
         }
         auto& o = obj[item];
         o.object_stream = cur_ostream;
@@ -2240,7 +2240,7 @@ QPDFWriter::Members::trimmed_trailer()
 {
     // Remove keys from the trailer that necessarily have to be replaced when writing the file.
 
-    Dictionary trailer = pdf.getTrailer().unsafeShallowCopy();
+    Dictionary trailer = qpdf.getTrailer().unsafeShallowCopy();
 
     // Remove encryption keys
     trailer.erase("/ID");
@@ -2265,8 +2265,8 @@ QPDFWriter::Members::trimmed_trailer()
 void
 QPDFWriter::Members::prepareFileForWrite()
 {
-    pdf.fixDanglingReferences();
-    auto root = pdf.getRoot();
+    qpdf.fixDanglingReferences();
+    auto root = qpdf.getRoot();
     auto oh = root.getKey("/Extensions");
     if (oh.isDictionary()) {
         const bool extensions_indirect = oh.isIndirect();
@@ -2335,7 +2335,7 @@ QPDFWriter::Members::doWriteSetup()
     }
 
     if (preserve_encryption) {
-        copyEncryptionParameters(pdf);
+        copyEncryptionParameters(qpdf);
     }
 
     if (!forced_pdf_version.empty()) {
@@ -2380,7 +2380,7 @@ QPDFWriter::Members::doWriteSetup()
     if (!obj.streams_empty) {
         if (linearized) {
             // Page dictionaries are not allowed to be compressed objects.
-            for (auto& page: pdf.getAllPages()) {
+            for (auto& page: pages) {
                 if (obj[page].object_stream > 0) {
                     obj[page].object_stream = 0;
                 }
@@ -2416,7 +2416,7 @@ QPDFWriter::Members::doWriteSetup()
         }
     }
 
-    setMinimumPDFVersion(pdf.getPDFVersion(), pdf.getExtensionLevel());
+    setMinimumPDFVersion(qpdf.getPDFVersion(), qpdf.getExtensionLevel());
     final_pdf_version = min_pdf_version;
     final_extension_level = min_extension_level;
     if (!forced_pdf_version.empty()) {
@@ -2438,7 +2438,7 @@ QPDFWriter::Members::write()
 
     // Set up progress reporting. For linearized files, we write two passes. events_expected is an
     // approximation, but it's good enough for progress reporting, which is mostly a guess anyway.
-    events_expected = QIntC::to_int(pdf.getObjectCount() * (linearized ? 2 : 1));
+    events_expected = QIntC::to_int(qpdf.getObjectCount() * (linearized ? 2 : 1));
 
     prepareFileForWrite();
 
@@ -2910,14 +2910,11 @@ QPDFWriter::Members::writeLinearized()
         openObject(lindict_id);
         write("<<");
         if (pass == 2) {
-            std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> const& pages = pdf.getAllPages();
-            int first_page_object = obj[pages.at(0)].renumber;
-
             write(" /Linearized 1 /L ").write(file_size + hint_length);
             // Implementation note 121 states that a space is mandatory after this open bracket.
             write(" /H [ ").write(new_obj[hint_id].xref.getOffset()).write(" ");
             write(hint_length);
-            write(" ] /O ").write(first_page_object);
+            write(" ] /O ").write(obj[pages.all().at(0)].renumber);
             write(" /E ").write(part6_end_offset + hint_length);
             write(" /N ").write(pages.size());
             write(" /T ").write(space_before_zero + hint_length);
@@ -3110,7 +3107,7 @@ void
 QPDFWriter::Members::enqueueObjectsStandard()
 {
     if (preserve_unreferenced_objects) {
-        for (auto const& oh: pdf.getAllObjects()) {
+        for (auto const& oh: qpdf.getAllObjects()) {
             enqueueObject(oh);
         }
     }
@@ -3136,20 +3133,18 @@ QPDFWriter::Members::enqueueObjectsPCLm()
     std::string image_transform_content = "q /image Do Q\n";
 
     // enqueue all pages first
-    std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> all = pdf.getAllPages();
-    for (auto& page: all) {
+    for (auto& page: pages) {
         // enqueue page
         enqueueObject(page);
 
         // enqueue page contents stream
-        enqueueObject(page.getKey("/Contents"));
+        enqueueObject(page["/Contents"]);
 
         // enqueue all the strips for each page
-        QPDFObjectHandle strips = page.getKey("/Resources").getKey("/XObject");
-        for (auto& image: strips.as_dictionary()) {
+        for (auto& image: Dictionary(page["/Resources"]["/XObject"])) {
             if (!image.second.null()) {
                 enqueueObject(image.second);
-                enqueueObject(QPDFObjectHandle::newStream(&pdf, image_transform_content));
+                enqueueObject(QPDFObjectHandle::newStream(&qpdf, image_transform_content));
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/libqpdf/QPDF_Stream.cc b/libqpdf/QPDF_Stream.cc
index e47fe59..153852d 100644
--- a/libqpdf/QPDF_Stream.cc
+++ b/libqpdf/QPDF_Stream.cc
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ using Streams = QPDF::Doc::Objects::Streams;
 bool
 Streams::immediate_copy_from() const
 {
-    return qpdf_.m->immediate_copy_from;
+    return qpdf.m->immediate_copy_from;
 }
 
 class Streams::Copier final: public QPDFObjectHandle::StreamDataProvider
@@ -83,10 +83,10 @@ class Streams::Copier final: public QPDFObjectHandle::StreamDataProvider
         if (data != copied_data.end()) {
             auto& fd = data->second;
             QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF pipe foreign encrypted stream", fd.encp->encrypted ? 0 : 1);
-            if (streams.qpdf().pipeStreamData(
+            if (streams.qpdf.pipeStreamData(
                     fd.encp,
                     fd.file,
-                    streams.qpdf(),
+                    streams.qpdf,
                     fd.source_og,
                     fd.offset,
                     fd.length,
@@ -128,8 +128,8 @@ class Streams::Copier final: public QPDFObjectHandle::StreamDataProvider
     std::map<QPDFObjGen, Data> copied_data;
 };
 
-Streams::Streams(QPDF& qpdf) :
-    qpdf_(qpdf),
+Streams::Streams(Common& common) :
+    Common(common),
     copier_(std::make_shared<Copier>(*this))
 {
 }
diff --git a/libqpdf/QPDF_encryption.cc b/libqpdf/QPDF_encryption.cc
index f45a72c..91b3819 100644
--- a/libqpdf/QPDF_encryption.cc
+++ b/libqpdf/QPDF_encryption.cc
@@ -734,15 +734,16 @@ QPDF::EncryptionParameters::initialize(QPDF& qpdf)
     }
     encryption_initialized = true;
 
+    auto& c = qpdf.m->c;
     auto& qm = *qpdf.m;
     auto& trailer = qm.trailer;
     auto& file = qm.file;
 
-    auto warn_damaged_pdf = [&qpdf](std::string const& msg) {
-        qpdf.warn(qpdf.damagedPDF("encryption dictionary", msg));
+    auto warn_damaged_pdf = [&qpdf, c](std::string const& msg) {
+        qpdf.warn(c.damagedPDF("encryption dictionary", msg));
     };
     auto throw_damaged_pdf = [&qpdf](std::string const& msg) {
-        throw qpdf.damagedPDF("encryption dictionary", msg);
+        throw qpdf.m->c.damagedPDF("encryption dictionary", msg);
     };
     auto unsupported = [&file](std::string const& msg) -> QPDFExc {
         return {
@@ -770,14 +771,14 @@ QPDF::EncryptionParameters::initialize(QPDF& qpdf)
     if (id_obj.size() != 2 || !id_obj.getArrayItem(0).isString()) {
         // Treating a missing ID as the empty string enables qpdf to decrypt some invalid encrypted
         // files with no /ID that poppler can read but Adobe Reader can't.
-        qpdf.warn(qpdf.damagedPDF("trailer", "invalid /ID in trailer dictionary"));
+        qpdf.warn(qpdf.m->c.damagedPDF("trailer", "invalid /ID in trailer dictionary"));
     } else {
         id1 = id_obj.getArrayItem(0).getStringValue();
     }
 
     auto encryption_dict = trailer.getKey("/Encrypt");
     if (!encryption_dict.isDictionary()) {
-        throw qpdf.damagedPDF("/Encrypt in trailer dictionary is not a dictionary");
+        throw qpdf.m->c.damagedPDF("/Encrypt in trailer dictionary is not a dictionary");
     }
 
     if (Name(encryption_dict["/Filter"]) != "/Standard") {
@@ -984,7 +985,7 @@ QPDF::decryptString(std::string& str, QPDFObjGen og)
             break;
 
         default:
-            warn(damagedPDF(
+            warn(m->c.damagedPDF(
                 "unknown encryption filter for strings (check /StrF in "
                 "/Encrypt dictionary); strings may be decrypted improperly"));
             // To avoid repeated warnings, reset cf_string.  Assume we'd want to use AES if V == 4.
@@ -1017,7 +1018,8 @@ QPDF::decryptString(std::string& str, QPDFObjGen og)
     } catch (QPDFExc&) {
         throw;
     } catch (std::runtime_error& e) {
-        throw damagedPDF("error decrypting string for object " + og.unparse() + ": " + e.what());
+        throw m->c.damagedPDF(
+            "error decrypting string for object " + og.unparse() + ": " + e.what());
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/libqpdf/QPDF_json.cc b/libqpdf/QPDF_json.cc
index e4a61f9..663599a 100644
--- a/libqpdf/QPDF_json.cc
+++ b/libqpdf/QPDF_json.cc
@@ -460,110 +460,111 @@ QPDF::JSONReactor::dictionaryItem(std::string const& key, JSON const& value)
     next_state = st_ignore;
     auto state = stack.back().state;
     if (state == st_ignore) {
-        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF_json ignoring in st_ignore");
-        // ignore
-    } else if (state == st_top) {
+        return true; // ignore
+    }
+    if (state == st_top) {
         if (key == "qpdf") {
-            this->saw_qpdf = true;
+            saw_qpdf = true;
             if (!value.isArray()) {
-                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF_json qpdf not array");
                 error(value.getStart(), "\"qpdf\" must be an array");
             } else {
                 next_state = st_qpdf;
             }
-        } else {
-            // Ignore all other fields.
-            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF_json ignoring unknown top-level key");
+            return true;
         }
-    } else if (state == st_qpdf_meta) {
+        return true; // Ignore all other fields.
+    }
+
+    if (state == st_qpdf_meta) {
         if (key == "pdfversion") {
-            this->saw_pdf_version = true;
+            saw_pdf_version = true;
             std::string v;
-            bool okay = false;
             if (value.getString(v)) {
                 std::string version;
                 char const* p = v.c_str();
                 if (QPDF::validatePDFVersion(p, version) && (*p == '\0')) {
-                    this->pdf.m->pdf_version = version;
-                    okay = true;
+                    pdf.m->pdf_version = version;
+                    return true;
                 }
             }
-            if (!okay) {
-                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF_json bad pdf version");
-                error(value.getStart(), "invalid PDF version (must be \"x.y\")");
-            }
-        } else if (key == "jsonversion") {
-            this->saw_json_version = true;
+            error(value.getStart(), "invalid PDF version (must be \"x.y\")");
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (key == "jsonversion") {
+            saw_json_version = true;
             std::string v;
-            bool okay = false;
             if (value.getNumber(v)) {
                 std::string version;
                 if (QUtil::string_to_int(v.c_str()) == 2) {
-                    okay = true;
+                    return true;
                 }
             }
-            if (!okay) {
-                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF_json bad json version");
-                error(value.getStart(), "invalid JSON version (must be numeric value 2)");
-            }
-        } else if (key == "pushedinheritedpageresources") {
+            error(value.getStart(), "invalid JSON version (must be numeric value 2)");
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (key == "pushedinheritedpageresources") {
             bool v;
             if (value.getBool(v)) {
-                if (!this->must_be_complete && v) {
-                    this->pdf.pushInheritedAttributesToPage();
+                if (!must_be_complete && v) {
+                    pdf.pushInheritedAttributesToPage();
                 }
-            } else {
-                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF_json bad pushedinheritedpageresources");
-                error(value.getStart(), "pushedinheritedpageresources must be a boolean");
+                return true;
             }
-        } else if (key == "calledgetallpages") {
+            error(value.getStart(), "pushedinheritedpageresources must be a boolean");
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (key == "calledgetallpages") {
             bool v;
             if (value.getBool(v)) {
-                if (!this->must_be_complete && v) {
-                    this->pdf.getAllPages();
+                if (!must_be_complete && v) {
+                    (void)pdf.doc().pages().all();
                 }
-            } else {
-                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF_json bad calledgetallpages");
-                error(value.getStart(), "calledgetallpages must be a boolean");
+                return true;
             }
-        } else {
-            // ignore unknown keys for forward compatibility and to skip keys we don't care about
-            // like "maxobjectid".
-            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF_json ignore second-level key");
+            error(value.getStart(), "calledgetallpages must be a boolean");
+            return true;
         }
-    } else if (state == st_objects) {
-        int obj = 0;
-        int gen = 0;
+        // ignore unknown keys for forward compatibility and to skip keys we don't care about
+        // like "maxobjectid".
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    if (state == st_objects) {
         if (key == "trailer") {
-            this->saw_trailer = true;
-            this->cur_object = "trailer";
+            saw_trailer = true;
+            cur_object = "trailer";
             setNextStateIfDictionary(key, value, st_trailer);
-        } else if (is_obj_key(key, obj, gen)) {
-            this->cur_object = key;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        int obj = 0;
+        int gen = 0;
+        if (is_obj_key(key, obj, gen)) {
+            cur_object = key;
             if (setNextStateIfDictionary(key, value, st_object_top)) {
                 next_obj = objects.getObjectForJSON(obj, gen);
             }
-        } else {
-            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF_json bad object key");
-            error(value.getStart(), "object key should be \"trailer\" or \"obj:n n R\"");
-        }
-    } else if (state == st_object_top) {
-        if (stack.empty()) {
-            throw std::logic_error("stack empty in st_object_top");
+            return true;
         }
+        error(value.getStart(), "object key should be \"trailer\" or \"obj:n n R\"");
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    if (state == st_object_top) {
+        util::assertion(!stack.empty(), "QPDF_json: stack empty in st_object_top");
         auto& tos = stack.back();
-        if (!tos.object) {
-            throw std::logic_error("current object uninitialized in st_object_top");
-        }
+        util::assertion(!!tos.object, "current object uninitialized in st_object_top");
         if (key == "value") {
             // Don't use setNextStateIfDictionary since this can have any type.
-            this->saw_value = true;
+            saw_value = true;
             replaceObject(makeObject(value), value);
             next_state = st_object;
-        } else if (key == "stream") {
-            this->saw_stream = true;
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (key == "stream") {
+            saw_stream = true;
             if (setNextStateIfDictionary(key, value, st_stream)) {
-                this->this_stream_needs_data = false;
+                this_stream_needs_data = false;
                 if (tos.object.isStream()) {
                     QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF_json updating existing stream");
                 } else {
@@ -574,97 +575,87 @@ QPDF::JSONReactor::dictionaryItem(std::string const& key, JSON const& value)
                         value);
                 }
                 next_obj = tos.object;
-            } else {
-                // Error message already given above
-                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF_json stream not a dictionary");
+                return true;
             }
-        } else {
-            // Ignore unknown keys for forward compatibility
-            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF_json ignore unknown key in object_top");
+            return true; // Error message already given above
         }
-    } else if (state == st_trailer) {
+        return true; // Ignore unknown keys for forward compatibility
+    }
+
+    if (state == st_trailer) {
         if (key == "value") {
-            this->saw_value = true;
+            saw_value = true;
             // The trailer must be a dictionary, so we can use setNextStateIfDictionary.
             if (setNextStateIfDictionary("trailer.value", value, st_object)) {
-                this->pdf.m->trailer = makeObject(value);
-                setObjectDescription(this->pdf.m->trailer, value);
+                pdf.m->trailer = makeObject(value);
+                setObjectDescription(pdf.m->trailer, value);
             }
-        } else if (key == "stream") {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (key == "stream") {
             // Don't need to set saw_stream here since there's already an error.
-            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF_json trailer stream");
             error(value.getStart(), "the trailer may not be a stream");
-        } else {
-            // Ignore unknown keys for forward compatibility
-            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF_json ignore unknown key in trailer");
-        }
-    } else if (state == st_stream) {
-        if (stack.empty()) {
-            throw std::logic_error("stack empty in st_stream");
+            return true;
         }
+        return true; // Ignore unknown keys for forward compatibility
+    }
+
+    if (state == st_stream) {
+        util::assertion(!stack.empty(), "stack empty in st_stream");
         auto& tos = stack.back();
-        if (!tos.object.isStream()) {
-            throw std::logic_error("current object is not stream in st_stream");
-        }
+        util::assertion(tos.object.isStream(), "current object is not stream in st_stream");
         if (key == "dict") {
-            this->saw_dict = true;
+            saw_dict = true;
             if (setNextStateIfDictionary("stream.dict", value, st_object)) {
                 tos.object.replaceDict(makeObject(value));
-            } else {
-                // An error had already been given by setNextStateIfDictionary
-                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF_json stream dict not dict");
+                return true;
             }
-        } else if (key == "data") {
-            this->saw_data = true;
+            return true; // An error had already been given by setNextStateIfDictionary
+        }
+        if (key == "data") {
+            saw_data = true;
             std::string v;
             if (!value.getString(v)) {
-                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF_json stream data not string");
                 error(value.getStart(), "\"stream.data\" must be a string");
                 tos.object.replaceStreamData("", {}, {});
-            } else {
-                // The range includes the quotes.
-                auto start = value.getStart() + 1;
-                auto end = value.getEnd() - 1;
-                if (end < start) {
-                    throw std::logic_error("QPDF_json: JSON string length < 0");
-                }
-                tos.object.replaceStreamData(provide_data(is, start, end), {}, {});
+                return true;
             }
-        } else if (key == "datafile") {
-            this->saw_datafile = true;
+            // The range includes the quotes.
+            auto start = value.getStart() + 1;
+            auto end = value.getEnd() - 1;
+            util::assertion(end >= start, "QPDF_json: JSON string length < 0");
+            tos.object.replaceStreamData(provide_data(is, start, end), {}, {});
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (key == "datafile") {
+            saw_datafile = true;
             std::string filename;
             if (!value.getString(filename)) {
-                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF_json stream datafile not string");
                 error(
                     value.getStart(),
                     "\"stream.datafile\" must be a string containing a file name");
                 tos.object.replaceStreamData("", {}, {});
-            } else {
-                tos.object.replaceStreamData(QUtil::file_provider(filename), {}, {});
+                return true;
             }
-        } else {
-            // Ignore unknown keys for forward compatibility.
-            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF_json ignore unknown key in stream");
-        }
-    } else if (state == st_object) {
-        if (stack.empty()) {
-            throw std::logic_error("stack empty in st_object");
+            tos.object.replaceStreamData(QUtil::file_provider(filename), {}, {});
+            return true;
         }
-        auto& tos = stack.back();
-        auto dict = tos.object;
-        if (dict.isStream()) {
-            dict = dict.getDict();
-        }
-        if (!dict.isDictionary()) {
-            throw std::logic_error(
-                "current object is not stream or dictionary in st_object dictionary item");
-        }
-        dict.replaceKey(
-            is_pdf_name(key) ? QPDFObjectHandle::parse(key.substr(2)).getName() : key,
-            makeObject(value));
-    } else {
-        throw std::logic_error("QPDF_json: unknown state " + std::to_string(state));
+        return true; // Ignore unknown keys for forward compatibility.
     }
+
+    util::assertion(state == st_object, "QPDF_json: unknown state " + std::to_string(state));
+    util::assertion(!stack.empty(), "stack empty in st_object");
+    auto& tos = stack.back();
+    auto dict = tos.object;
+    if (dict.isStream()) {
+        dict = dict.getDict();
+    }
+    util::assertion(
+        dict.isDictionary(),
+        "current object is not stream or dictionary in st_object dictionary item");
+    dict.replaceKey(
+        is_pdf_name(key) ? QPDFObjectHandle::parse(key.substr(2)).getName() : key,
+        makeObject(value));
     return true;
 }
 
diff --git a/libqpdf/QPDF_linearization.cc b/libqpdf/QPDF_linearization.cc
index 3ac797b..9313d43 100644
--- a/libqpdf/QPDF_linearization.cc
+++ b/libqpdf/QPDF_linearization.cc
@@ -69,11 +69,298 @@ load_vector_vector(
     bit_stream.skipToNextByte();
 }
 
+QPDF::ObjUser::ObjUser(user_e type) :
+    ou_type(type)
+{
+    qpdf_expect(type == ou_root);
+}
+
+QPDF::ObjUser::ObjUser(user_e type, size_t pageno) :
+    ou_type(type),
+    pageno(pageno)
+{
+    qpdf_expect(type == ou_page || type == ou_thumb);
+}
+
+QPDF::ObjUser::ObjUser(user_e type, std::string const& key) :
+    ou_type(type),
+    key(key)
+{
+    qpdf_expect(type == ou_trailer_key || type == ou_root_key);
+}
+
+bool
+QPDF::ObjUser::operator<(ObjUser const& rhs) const
+{
+    if (ou_type < rhs.ou_type) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    if (ou_type == rhs.ou_type) {
+        if (pageno < rhs.pageno) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (pageno == rhs.pageno) {
+            return key < rhs.key;
+        }
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
+QPDF::UpdateObjectMapsFrame::UpdateObjectMapsFrame(
+    QPDF::ObjUser const& ou, QPDFObjectHandle oh, bool top) :
+    ou(ou),
+    oh(oh),
+    top(top)
+{
+}
+
+void
+QPDF::optimize(
+    std::map<int, int> const& object_stream_data,
+    bool allow_changes,
+    std::function<int(QPDFObjectHandle&)> skip_stream_parameters)
+{
+    m->lin.optimize_internal(object_stream_data, allow_changes, skip_stream_parameters);
+}
+
+void
+Lin::optimize(
+    QPDFWriter::ObjTable const& obj, std::function<int(QPDFObjectHandle&)> skip_stream_parameters)
+{
+    optimize_internal(obj, true, skip_stream_parameters);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void
+Lin::optimize_internal(
+    T const& object_stream_data,
+    bool allow_changes,
+    std::function<int(QPDFObjectHandle&)> skip_stream_parameters)
+{
+    if (!m->obj_user_to_objects.empty()) {
+        // already optimized
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // The PDF specification indicates that /Outlines is supposed to be an indirect reference. Force
+    // it to be so if it exists and is direct.  (This has been seen in the wild.)
+    QPDFObjectHandle root = qpdf.getRoot();
+    if (root.getKey("/Outlines").isDictionary()) {
+        QPDFObjectHandle outlines = root.getKey("/Outlines");
+        if (!outlines.isIndirect()) {
+            root.replaceKey("/Outlines", qpdf.makeIndirectObject(outlines));
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Traverse pages tree pushing all inherited resources down to the page level.  This also
+    // initializes m->all_pages.
+    m->pages.pushInheritedAttributesToPage(allow_changes, false);
+    // Traverse pages
+
+    size_t n = 0;
+    for (auto const& page: m->pages) {
+        updateObjectMaps(ObjUser(ObjUser::ou_page, n), page, skip_stream_parameters);
+        ++n;
+    }
+
+    // Traverse document-level items
+    for (auto const& [key, value]: m->trailer.as_dictionary()) {
+        if (key == "/Root") {
+            // handled separately
+        } else {
+            if (!value.null()) {
+                updateObjectMaps(
+                    ObjUser(ObjUser::ou_trailer_key, key), value, skip_stream_parameters);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (auto const& [key, value]: root.as_dictionary()) {
+        // Technically, /I keys from /Thread dictionaries are supposed to be handled separately, but
+        // we are going to disregard that specification for now.  There is loads of evidence that
+        // pdlin and Acrobat both disregard things like this from time to time, so this is almost
+        // certain not to cause any problems.
+        if (!value.null()) {
+            updateObjectMaps(ObjUser(ObjUser::ou_root_key, key), value, skip_stream_parameters);
+        }
+    }
+
+    ObjUser root_ou = ObjUser(ObjUser::ou_root);
+    auto root_og = QPDFObjGen(root.getObjGen());
+    m->obj_user_to_objects[root_ou].insert(root_og);
+    m->object_to_obj_users[root_og].insert(root_ou);
+
+    filterCompressedObjects(object_stream_data);
+}
+
+void
+Lin::updateObjectMaps(
+    ObjUser const& first_ou,
+    QPDFObjectHandle first_oh,
+    std::function<int(QPDFObjectHandle&)> skip_stream_parameters)
+{
+    QPDFObjGen::set visited;
+    std::vector<UpdateObjectMapsFrame> pending;
+    pending.emplace_back(first_ou, first_oh, true);
+    // Traverse the object tree from this point taking care to avoid crossing page boundaries.
+    std::unique_ptr<ObjUser> thumb_ou;
+    while (!pending.empty()) {
+        auto cur = pending.back();
+        pending.pop_back();
+
+        bool is_page_node = false;
+
+        if (cur.oh.isDictionaryOfType("/Page")) {
+            is_page_node = true;
+            if (!cur.top) {
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (cur.oh.isIndirect()) {
+            QPDFObjGen og(cur.oh.getObjGen());
+            if (!visited.add(og)) {
+                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF opt loop detected");
+                continue;
+            }
+            m->obj_user_to_objects[cur.ou].insert(og);
+            m->object_to_obj_users[og].insert(cur.ou);
+        }
+
+        if (cur.oh.isArray()) {
+            for (auto const& item: cur.oh.as_array()) {
+                pending.emplace_back(cur.ou, item, false);
+            }
+        } else if (cur.oh.isDictionary() || cur.oh.isStream()) {
+            QPDFObjectHandle dict = cur.oh;
+            bool is_stream = cur.oh.isStream();
+            int ssp = 0;
+            if (is_stream) {
+                dict = cur.oh.getDict();
+                if (skip_stream_parameters) {
+                    ssp = skip_stream_parameters(cur.oh);
+                }
+            }
+
+            for (auto& [key, value]: dict.as_dictionary()) {
+                if (value.null()) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (is_page_node && (key == "/Thumb")) {
+                    // Traverse page thumbnail dictionaries as a special case. There can only ever
+                    // be one /Thumb key on a page, and we see at most one page node per call.
+                    thumb_ou = std::make_unique<ObjUser>(ObjUser::ou_thumb, cur.ou.pageno);
+                    pending.emplace_back(*thumb_ou, dict.getKey(key), false);
+                } else if (is_page_node && (key == "/Parent")) {
+                    // Don't traverse back up the page tree
+                } else if (
+                    ((ssp >= 1) && (key == "/Length")) ||
+                    ((ssp >= 2) && ((key == "/Filter") || (key == "/DecodeParms")))) {
+                    // Don't traverse into stream parameters that we are not going to write.
+                } else {
+                    pending.emplace_back(cur.ou, value, false);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void
+Lin::filterCompressedObjects(std::map<int, int> const& object_stream_data)
+{
+    if (object_stream_data.empty()) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Transform object_to_obj_users and obj_user_to_objects so that they refer only to uncompressed
+    // objects.  If something is a user of a compressed object, then it is really a user of the
+    // object stream that contains it.
+
+    std::map<ObjUser, std::set<QPDFObjGen>> t_obj_user_to_objects;
+    std::map<QPDFObjGen, std::set<ObjUser>> t_object_to_obj_users;
+
+    for (auto const& i1: m->obj_user_to_objects) {
+        ObjUser const& ou = i1.first;
+        // Loop over objects.
+        for (auto const& og: i1.second) {
+            auto i2 = object_stream_data.find(og.getObj());
+            if (i2 == object_stream_data.end()) {
+                t_obj_user_to_objects[ou].insert(og);
+            } else {
+                t_obj_user_to_objects[ou].insert(QPDFObjGen(i2->second, 0));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (auto const& i1: m->object_to_obj_users) {
+        QPDFObjGen const& og = i1.first;
+        // Loop over obj_users.
+        for (auto const& ou: i1.second) {
+            auto i2 = object_stream_data.find(og.getObj());
+            if (i2 == object_stream_data.end()) {
+                t_object_to_obj_users[og].insert(ou);
+            } else {
+                t_object_to_obj_users[QPDFObjGen(i2->second, 0)].insert(ou);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    m->obj_user_to_objects = t_obj_user_to_objects;
+    m->object_to_obj_users = t_object_to_obj_users;
+}
+
+void
+Lin::filterCompressedObjects(QPDFWriter::ObjTable const& obj)
+{
+    if (obj.getStreamsEmpty()) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Transform object_to_obj_users and obj_user_to_objects so that they refer only to uncompressed
+    // objects.  If something is a user of a compressed object, then it is really a user of the
+    // object stream that contains it.
+
+    std::map<ObjUser, std::set<QPDFObjGen>> t_obj_user_to_objects;
+    std::map<QPDFObjGen, std::set<ObjUser>> t_object_to_obj_users;
+
+    for (auto const& i1: m->obj_user_to_objects) {
+        ObjUser const& ou = i1.first;
+        // Loop over objects.
+        for (auto const& og: i1.second) {
+            if (obj.contains(og)) {
+                if (auto const& i2 = obj[og].object_stream; i2 <= 0) {
+                    t_obj_user_to_objects[ou].insert(og);
+                } else {
+                    t_obj_user_to_objects[ou].insert(QPDFObjGen(i2, 0));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (auto const& i1: m->object_to_obj_users) {
+        QPDFObjGen const& og = i1.first;
+        if (obj.contains(og)) {
+            // Loop over obj_users.
+            for (auto const& ou: i1.second) {
+                if (auto i2 = obj[og].object_stream; i2 <= 0) {
+                    t_object_to_obj_users[og].insert(ou);
+                } else {
+                    t_object_to_obj_users[QPDFObjGen(i2, 0)].insert(ou);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    m->obj_user_to_objects = t_obj_user_to_objects;
+    m->object_to_obj_users = t_object_to_obj_users;
+}
+
 void
 Lin::linearizationWarning(std::string_view msg)
 {
     m->linearization_warnings = true;
-    qpdf.warn(qpdf_e_linearization, "", 0, std::string(msg));
+    warn(qpdf_e_linearization, "", 0, std::string(msg));
 }
 
 bool
@@ -166,19 +453,19 @@ Lin::readLinearizationData()
     Integer P = P_oh; // first page number
     QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF P absent in lindict", P ? 0 : 1);
 
-    qpdf.no_ci_stop_if(
+    no_ci_stop_if(
         !(H && O && E && N && T && (P || P_oh.null())),
         "some keys in linearization dictionary are of the wrong type",
         "linearization dictionary" //
     );
 
-    qpdf.no_ci_stop_if(
+    no_ci_stop_if(
         !(H_size == 2 || H_size == 4),
         "H has the wrong number of items",
         "linearization dictionary" //
     );
 
-    qpdf.no_ci_stop_if(
+    no_ci_stop_if(
         !(H_0 && H_1 && (H_size == 2 || (H_2 && H_3))),
         "some H items are of the wrong type",
         "linearization dictionary" //
@@ -188,8 +475,8 @@ Lin::readLinearizationData()
 
     // Various places in the code use linp.npages, which is initialized from N, to pre-allocate
     // memory, so make sure it's accurate and bail right now if it's not.
-    qpdf.no_ci_stop_if(
-        N != qpdf.getAllPages().size(),
+    no_ci_stop_if(
+        N != pages.size(),
         "/N does not match number of pages",
         "linearization dictionary" //
     );
@@ -234,13 +521,12 @@ Lin::readLinearizationData()
 
     size_t HSi = HS;
     if (HSi < 0 || HSi >= h_size) {
-        throw qpdf.damagedPDF(
-            "linearization hint table", "/S (shared object) offset is out of bounds");
+        throw damagedPDF("linearization hint table", "/S (shared object) offset is out of bounds");
     }
     readHSharedObject(BitStream(h_buf + HSi, h_size - HSi));
 
     if (HO) {
-        qpdf.no_ci_stop_if(
+        no_ci_stop_if(
             HO < 0 || HO >= h_size,
             "/O (outline) offset is out of bounds",
             "linearization dictionary" //
@@ -257,7 +543,7 @@ Lin::readHintStream(Pipeline& pl, qpdf_offset_t offset, size_t length)
     ObjCache& oc = m->obj_cache[H];
     qpdf_offset_t min_end_offset = oc.end_before_space;
     qpdf_offset_t max_end_offset = oc.end_after_space;
-    qpdf.no_ci_stop_if(
+    no_ci_stop_if(
         !H.isStream(), "hint table is not a stream", "linearization dictionary" //
     );
 
@@ -275,7 +561,7 @@ Lin::readHintStream(Pipeline& pl, qpdf_offset_t offset, size_t length)
         QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF hint table length direct");
     }
     qpdf_offset_t computed_end = offset + toO(length);
-    qpdf.no_ci_stop_if(
+    no_ci_stop_if(
         computed_end < min_end_offset || computed_end > max_end_offset,
         "hint table length mismatch (expected = " + std::to_string(computed_end) + "; actual = " +
             std::to_string(min_end_offset) + ".." + std::to_string(max_end_offset) + ")",
@@ -391,20 +677,20 @@ Lin::checkLinearizationInternal()
     // L: file size in bytes -- checked by isLinearized
 
     // O: object number of first page
-    std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> const& pages = qpdf.getAllPages();
-    if (p.first_page_object != pages.at(0).getObjectID()) {
+    auto const& all_pages = pages.all();
+    if (p.first_page_object != all_pages.at(0).getObjectID()) {
         linearizationWarning("first page object (/O) mismatch");
     }
 
     // N: number of pages
-    size_t npages = pages.size();
+    size_t npages = all_pages.size();
     if (std::cmp_not_equal(p.npages, npages)) {
         // Not tested in the test suite
         linearizationWarning("page count (/N) mismatch");
     }
 
     int i = 0;
-    for (auto const& page: pages) {
+    for (auto const& page: all_pages) {
         if (m->xref_table[page].getType() == 2) {
             linearizationWarning(
                 "page dictionary for page " + std::to_string(i) + " is compressed");
@@ -464,7 +750,7 @@ Lin::checkLinearizationInternal()
     // are present.  In that case, it would probably agree with pdlin.  As of this writing, the test
     // suite doesn't contain any files with threads.
 
-    qpdf.no_ci_stop_if(
+    no_ci_stop_if(
         m->part6.empty(), "linearization part 6 unexpectedly empty" //
     );
     qpdf_offset_t min_E = -1;
@@ -486,22 +772,22 @@ Lin::checkLinearizationInternal()
     // Check hint tables
 
     std::map<int, int> shared_idx_to_obj;
-    checkHSharedObject(pages, shared_idx_to_obj);
-    checkHPageOffset(pages, shared_idx_to_obj);
+    checkHSharedObject(all_pages, shared_idx_to_obj);
+    checkHPageOffset(all_pages, shared_idx_to_obj);
     checkHOutlines();
 }
 
 qpdf_offset_t
 Lin::maxEnd(ObjUser const& ou)
 {
-    qpdf.no_ci_stop_if(
+    no_ci_stop_if(
         !m->obj_user_to_objects.contains(ou),
         "no entry in object user table for requested object user" //
     );
 
     qpdf_offset_t end = 0;
     for (auto const& og: m->obj_user_to_objects[ou]) {
-        qpdf.no_ci_stop_if(
+        no_ci_stop_if(
             !m->obj_cache.contains(og), "unknown object referenced in object user table" //
         );
         end = std::max(end, m->obj_cache[og].end_after_space);
@@ -517,7 +803,7 @@ Lin::getLinearizationOffset(QPDFObjGen og)
     if (typ == 1) {
         return entry.getOffset();
     }
-    qpdf.no_ci_stop_if(
+    no_ci_stop_if(
         typ != 2, "getLinearizationOffset called for xref entry not of type 1 or 2" //
     );
     // For compressed objects, return the offset of the object stream that contains them.
@@ -551,7 +837,7 @@ Lin::lengthNextN(int first_object, int n)
     for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
         QPDFObjGen og(first_object + i, 0);
         if (m->xref_table.contains(og)) {
-            qpdf.no_ci_stop_if(
+            no_ci_stop_if(
                 !m->obj_cache.contains(og),
                 "found unknown object while calculating length for linearization data" //
             );
@@ -585,7 +871,7 @@ Lin::checkHPageOffset(
     qpdf_offset_t table_offset = adjusted_offset(m->page_offset_hints.first_page_offset);
     QPDFObjGen first_page_og(pages.at(0).getObjGen());
     if (!m->xref_table.contains(first_page_og)) {
-        qpdf.stopOnError("supposed first page object is not known");
+        stopOnError("supposed first page object is not known");
     }
     qpdf_offset_t offset = getLinearizationOffset(first_page_og);
     if (table_offset != offset) {
@@ -596,7 +882,7 @@ Lin::checkHPageOffset(
         QPDFObjGen page_og(pages.at(pageno).getObjGen());
         int first_object = page_og.getObj();
         if (!m->xref_table.contains(page_og)) {
-            qpdf.stopOnError("unknown object in page offset hint table");
+            stopOnError("unknown object in page offset hint table");
         }
         offset = getLinearizationOffset(page_og);
 
@@ -636,7 +922,7 @@ Lin::checkHPageOffset(
 
         for (size_t i = 0; i < toS(he.nshared_objects); ++i) {
             int idx = he.shared_identifiers.at(i);
-            qpdf.no_ci_stop_if(
+            no_ci_stop_if(
                 !shared_idx_to_obj.contains(idx),
                 "unable to get object for item in shared objects hint table");
 
@@ -645,7 +931,7 @@ Lin::checkHPageOffset(
 
         for (size_t i = 0; i < toS(ce.nshared_objects); ++i) {
             int idx = ce.shared_identifiers.at(i);
-            qpdf.no_ci_stop_if(
+            no_ci_stop_if(
                 idx >= m->c_shared_object_data.nshared_total,
                 "index out of bounds for shared object hint table" //
             );
@@ -718,7 +1004,7 @@ Lin::checkHSharedObject(std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> const& pages, std::map<int
 
                 QPDFObjGen og(cur_object, 0);
                 if (!m->xref_table.contains(og)) {
-                    qpdf.stopOnError("unknown object in shared object hint table");
+                    stopOnError("unknown object in shared object hint table");
                 }
                 qpdf_offset_t offset = getLinearizationOffset(og);
                 qpdf_offset_t h_offset = adjusted_offset(so.first_shared_offset);
@@ -768,7 +1054,7 @@ Lin::checkHOutlines()
                 return;
             }
             QPDFObjGen og(outlines.getObjGen());
-            qpdf.no_ci_stop_if(
+            no_ci_stop_if(
                 !m->xref_table.contains(og), "unknown object in outlines hint table" //
             );
             qpdf_offset_t offset = getLinearizationOffset(og);
@@ -1105,12 +1391,12 @@ Lin::calculateLinearizationData(T const& object_stream_data)
 
     // We seem to traverse the page tree a lot in this code, but we can address this for a future
     // code optimization if necessary. Premature optimization is the root of all evil.
-    std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> pages;
+    std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> uc_pages;
     { // local scope
         // Map all page objects to the containing object stream.  This should be a no-op in a
         // properly linearized file.
-        for (auto oh: qpdf.getAllPages()) {
-            pages.emplace_back(getUncompressedObject(oh, object_stream_data));
+        for (auto oh: pages) {
+            uc_pages.emplace_back(getUncompressedObject(oh, object_stream_data));
         }
     }
     size_t npages = pages.size();
@@ -1128,7 +1414,7 @@ Lin::calculateLinearizationData(T const& object_stream_data)
 
     // Part 4: open document objects.  We don't care about the order.
 
-    qpdf.no_ci_stop_if(
+    no_ci_stop_if(
         lc_root.size() != 1, "found other than one root while calculating linearization data" //
     );
 
@@ -1142,15 +1428,15 @@ Lin::calculateLinearizationData(T const& object_stream_data)
     // any option to set this and also disregards /OpenAction.  We will do the same.
 
     // First, place the actual first page object itself.
-    qpdf.no_ci_stop_if(
+    no_ci_stop_if(
         pages.empty(), "no pages found while calculating linearization data" //
     );
-    QPDFObjGen first_page_og(pages.at(0).getObjGen());
-    qpdf.no_ci_stop_if(
+    QPDFObjGen first_page_og(uc_pages.at(0).getObjGen());
+    no_ci_stop_if(
         !lc_first_page_private.erase(first_page_og), "unable to linearize first page" //
     );
-    m->c_linp.first_page_object = pages.at(0).getObjectID();
-    m->part6.emplace_back(pages.at(0));
+    m->c_linp.first_page_object = uc_pages.at(0).getObjectID();
+    m->part6.emplace_back(uc_pages.at(0));
 
     // The PDF spec "recommends" an order for the rest of the objects, but we are going to disregard
     // it except to the extent that it groups private and shared objects contiguously for the sake
@@ -1181,13 +1467,13 @@ Lin::calculateLinearizationData(T const& object_stream_data)
     for (size_t i = 1; i < npages; ++i) {
         // Place this page's page object
 
-        QPDFObjGen page_og(pages.at(i).getObjGen());
-        qpdf.no_ci_stop_if(
+        QPDFObjGen page_og(uc_pages.at(i).getObjGen());
+        no_ci_stop_if(
             !lc_other_page_private.erase(page_og),
             "unable to linearize page " + std::to_string(i) //
         );
 
-        m->part7.emplace_back(pages.at(i));
+        m->part7.emplace_back(uc_pages.at(i));
 
         // Place all non-shared objects referenced by this page, updating the page object count for
         // the hint table.
@@ -1195,7 +1481,7 @@ Lin::calculateLinearizationData(T const& object_stream_data)
         m->c_page_offset_data.entries.at(i).nobjects = 1;
 
         ObjUser ou(ObjUser::ou_page, i);
-        qpdf.no_ci_stop_if(
+        no_ci_stop_if(
             !m->obj_user_to_objects.contains(ou),
             "found unreferenced page while calculating linearization data" //
         );
@@ -1231,7 +1517,7 @@ Lin::calculateLinearizationData(T const& object_stream_data)
     // Place the pages tree.
     std::set<QPDFObjGen> pages_ogs =
         m->obj_user_to_objects[ObjUser(ObjUser::ou_root_key, "/Pages")];
-    qpdf.no_ci_stop_if(
+    no_ci_stop_if(
         pages_ogs.empty(), "found empty pages tree while calculating linearization data" //
     );
     for (auto const& og: pages_ogs) {
@@ -1243,7 +1529,7 @@ Lin::calculateLinearizationData(T const& object_stream_data)
     // Place private thumbnail images in page order.  Slightly more information would be required if
     // we were going to bother with thumbnail hint tables.
     for (size_t i = 0; i < npages; ++i) {
-        QPDFObjectHandle thumb = pages.at(i).getKey("/Thumb");
+        QPDFObjectHandle thumb = uc_pages.at(i).getKey("/Thumb");
         thumb = getUncompressedObject(thumb, object_stream_data);
         QPDFObjGen thumb_og(thumb.getObjGen());
         // Output the thumbnail itself
@@ -1288,7 +1574,7 @@ Lin::calculateLinearizationData(T const& object_stream_data)
     size_t num_placed =
         m->part4.size() + m->part6.size() + m->part7.size() + m->part8.size() + m->part9.size();
     size_t num_wanted = m->object_to_obj_users.size();
-    qpdf.no_ci_stop_if(
+    no_ci_stop_if(
         // This can happen with damaged files, e.g. if the root is part of the the pages tree.
         num_placed != num_wanted,
         "QPDF::calculateLinearizationData: wrong number of objects placed (num_placed = " +
@@ -1326,7 +1612,7 @@ Lin::calculateLinearizationData(T const& object_stream_data)
             shared.emplace_back(obj);
         }
     }
-    qpdf.no_ci_stop_if(
+    no_ci_stop_if(
         std::cmp_not_equal(
             m->c_shared_object_data.nshared_total, m->c_shared_object_data.entries.size()),
         "shared object hint table has wrong number of entries" //
@@ -1337,7 +1623,7 @@ Lin::calculateLinearizationData(T const& object_stream_data)
     for (size_t i = 1; i < npages; ++i) {
         CHPageOffsetEntry& pe = m->c_page_offset_data.entries.at(i);
         ObjUser ou(ObjUser::ou_page, i);
-        qpdf.no_ci_stop_if(
+        no_ci_stop_if(
             !m->obj_user_to_objects.contains(ou),
             "found unreferenced page while calculating linearization data" //
         );
@@ -1420,12 +1706,12 @@ Lin::outputLengthNextN(
 
     int first = obj[in_object].renumber;
     int last = first + n;
-    qpdf.no_ci_stop_if(
+    no_ci_stop_if(
         first <= 0, "found object that is not renumbered while writing linearization data");
     qpdf_offset_t length = 0;
     for (int i = first; i < last; ++i) {
         auto l = new_obj[i].length;
-        qpdf.no_ci_stop_if(
+        no_ci_stop_if(
             l == 0, "found item with unknown length while writing linearization data" //
         );
         length += l;
@@ -1440,8 +1726,8 @@ Lin::calculateHPageOffset(QPDFWriter::NewObjTable const& new_obj, QPDFWriter::Ob
 
     // We are purposely leaving some values set to their initial zero values.
 
-    std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> const& pages = qpdf.getAllPages();
-    size_t npages = pages.size();
+    auto const& all_pages = pages.all();
+    size_t npages = all_pages.size();
     CHPageOffset& cph = m->c_page_offset_data;
     std::vector<CHPageOffsetEntry>& cphe = cph.entries;
 
@@ -1467,7 +1753,7 @@ Lin::calculateHPageOffset(QPDFWriter::NewObjTable const& new_obj, QPDFWriter::Ob
         // assignments.
 
         int nobjects = cphe.at(i).nobjects;
-        int length = outputLengthNextN(pages.at(i).getObjectID(), nobjects, new_obj, obj);
+        int length = outputLengthNextN(all_pages.at(i).getObjectID(), nobjects, new_obj, obj);
         int nshared = cphe.at(i).nshared_objects;
 
         min_nobjects = std::min(min_nobjects, nobjects);
@@ -1483,7 +1769,7 @@ Lin::calculateHPageOffset(QPDFWriter::NewObjTable const& new_obj, QPDFWriter::Ob
     }
 
     ph.min_nobjects = min_nobjects;
-    ph.first_page_offset = new_obj[obj[pages.at(0)].renumber].xref.getOffset();
+    ph.first_page_offset = new_obj[obj[all_pages.at(0)].renumber].xref.getOffset();
     ph.nbits_delta_nobjects = nbits(max_nobjects - min_nobjects);
     ph.min_page_length = min_length;
     ph.nbits_delta_page_length = nbits(max_length - min_length);
@@ -1502,7 +1788,7 @@ Lin::calculateHPageOffset(QPDFWriter::NewObjTable const& new_obj, QPDFWriter::Ob
     for (auto& phe_i: phe) {
         // Adjust delta entries
         if (phe_i.delta_nobjects < min_nobjects || phe_i.delta_page_length < min_length) {
-            qpdf.stopOnError(
+            stopOnError(
                 "found too small delta nobjects or delta page length while writing "
                 "linearization data");
         }
@@ -1537,7 +1823,7 @@ Lin::calculateHSharedObject(QPDFWriter::NewObjTable const& new_obj, QPDFWriter::
         soe.emplace_back();
         soe.at(i).delta_group_length = length;
     }
-    qpdf.no_ci_stop_if(
+    no_ci_stop_if(
         soe.size() != toS(cso.nshared_total), "soe has wrong size after initialization" //
     );
 
@@ -1553,7 +1839,7 @@ Lin::calculateHSharedObject(QPDFWriter::NewObjTable const& new_obj, QPDFWriter::
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < toS(cso.nshared_total); ++i) {
         // Adjust deltas
-        qpdf.no_ci_stop_if(
+        no_ci_stop_if(
             soe.at(i).delta_group_length < min_length,
             "found too small group length while writing linearization data" //
         );
@@ -1632,7 +1918,7 @@ Lin::writeHPageOffset(BitWriter& w)
     w.writeBitsInt(t.nbits_shared_numerator, 16);     // 12
     w.writeBitsInt(t.shared_denominator, 16);         // 13
 
-    int nitems = toI(qpdf.getAllPages().size());
+    int nitems = toI(pages.size());
     std::vector<HPageOffsetEntry>& entries = t.entries;
 
     write_vector_int(w, nitems, entries, t.nbits_delta_nobjects, &HPageOffsetEntry::delta_nobjects);
@@ -1687,7 +1973,7 @@ Lin::writeHSharedObject(BitWriter& w)
     for (size_t i = 0; i < toS(nitems); ++i) {
         // If signature were present, we'd have to write a 128-bit hash.
         if (entries.at(i).signature_present != 0) {
-            qpdf.stopOnError("found unexpected signature present while writing linearization data");
+            stopOnError("found unexpected signature present while writing linearization data");
         }
     }
     write_vector_int(w, nitems, entries, t.nbits_nobjects, &HSharedObjectEntry::nobjects_minus_one);
diff --git a/libqpdf/QPDF_objects.cc b/libqpdf/QPDF_objects.cc
index 8d399f3..ea3144b 100644
--- a/libqpdf/QPDF_objects.cc
+++ b/libqpdf/QPDF_objects.cc
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ Objects::parse(char const* password)
     // Find the header anywhere in the first 1024 bytes of the file.
     PatternFinder hf(qpdf, &QPDF::findHeader);
     if (!m->file->findFirst("%PDF-", 0, 1024, hf)) {
-        qpdf.warn(qpdf.damagedPDF("", -1, "can't find PDF header"));
+        warn(damagedPDF("", -1, "can't find PDF header"));
         // QPDFWriter writes files that usually require at least version 1.2 for /FlateDecode
         m->pdf_version = "1.2";
     }
@@ -147,14 +147,14 @@ Objects::parse(char const* password)
 
     try {
         if (xref_offset == 0) {
-            throw qpdf.damagedPDF("", -1, "can't find startxref");
+            throw damagedPDF("", -1, "can't find startxref");
         }
         try {
             read_xref(xref_offset);
         } catch (QPDFExc&) {
             throw;
         } catch (std::exception& e) {
-            throw qpdf.damagedPDF("", -1, std::string("error reading xref: ") + e.what());
+            throw damagedPDF("", -1, std::string("error reading xref: ") + e.what());
         }
     } catch (QPDFExc& e) {
         if (m->attempt_recovery) {
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ Objects::parse(char const* password)
     m->parsed = true;
     if (!m->xref_table.empty() && !qpdf.getRoot().getKey("/Pages").isDictionary()) {
         // QPDFs created from JSON have an empty xref table and no root object yet.
-        throw qpdf.damagedPDF("", -1, "unable to find page tree");
+        throw damagedPDF("", -1, "unable to find page tree");
     }
 }
 
@@ -208,8 +208,7 @@ Objects::reconstruct_xref(QPDFExc& e, bool found_startxref)
     const auto max_warnings = m->warnings.size() + 1000U;
     auto check_warnings = [this, max_warnings]() {
         if (m->warnings.size() > max_warnings) {
-            throw qpdf.damagedPDF(
-                "", -1, "too many errors while reconstructing cross-reference table");
+            throw damagedPDF("", -1, "too many errors while reconstructing cross-reference table");
         }
     };
 
@@ -217,9 +216,9 @@ Objects::reconstruct_xref(QPDFExc& e, bool found_startxref)
     // We may find more objects, which may contain dangling references.
     m->fixed_dangling_refs = false;
 
-    qpdf.warn(qpdf.damagedPDF("", -1, "file is damaged"));
-    qpdf.warn(e);
-    qpdf.warn(qpdf.damagedPDF("", -1, "Attempting to reconstruct cross-reference table"));
+    warn(damagedPDF("", -1, "file is damaged"));
+    warn(e);
+    warn(damagedPDF("", -1, "Attempting to reconstruct cross-reference table"));
 
     // Delete all references to type 1 (uncompressed) objects
     std::vector<QPDFObjGen> to_delete;
@@ -253,7 +252,7 @@ Objects::reconstruct_xref(QPDFExc& e, bool found_startxref)
                 if (obj <= m->xref_table_max_id) {
                     found_objects.emplace_back(obj, gen, token_start);
                 } else {
-                    qpdf.warn(qpdf.damagedPDF(
+                    warn(damagedPDF(
                         "", -1, "ignoring object with impossibly large id " + std::to_string(obj)));
                 }
             }
@@ -278,7 +277,7 @@ Objects::reconstruct_xref(QPDFExc& e, bool found_startxref)
 
                 if (qpdf.getRoot().getKey("/Pages").isDictionary()) {
                     QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF startxref more than 1024 before end");
-                    qpdf.warn(qpdf.damagedPDF(
+                    warn(damagedPDF(
                         "", -1, "startxref was more than 1024 bytes before end of file"));
                     qpdf.initializeEncryption();
                     m->parsed = true;
@@ -313,7 +312,7 @@ Objects::reconstruct_xref(QPDFExc& e, bool found_startxref)
                 m->trailer = t;
                 break;
             }
-            qpdf.warn(qpdf.damagedPDF("trailer", *it, "recovered trailer has no /Root entry"));
+            warn(damagedPDF("trailer", *it, "recovered trailer has no /Root entry"));
         }
         check_warnings();
     }
@@ -347,7 +346,7 @@ Objects::reconstruct_xref(QPDFExc& e, bool found_startxref)
             try {
                 read_xref(max_offset, true);
             } catch (std::exception&) {
-                qpdf.warn(qpdf.damagedPDF(
+                warn(damagedPDF(
                     "", -1, "error decoding candidate xref stream while recovering damaged file"));
             }
             QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF recover xref stream");
@@ -368,7 +367,7 @@ Objects::reconstruct_xref(QPDFExc& e, bool found_startxref)
         }
         if (root) {
             if (!m->trailer) {
-                qpdf.warn(qpdf.damagedPDF(
+                warn(damagedPDF(
                     "", -1, "unable to find trailer dictionary while recovering damaged file"));
                 m->trailer = QPDFObjectHandle::newDictionary();
             }
@@ -381,23 +380,20 @@ Objects::reconstruct_xref(QPDFExc& e, bool found_startxref)
         // could try to get the trailer from there.  This may make it possible to recover files with
         // bad startxref pointers even when they have object streams.
 
-        throw qpdf.damagedPDF(
-            "", -1, "unable to find trailer dictionary while recovering damaged file");
+        throw damagedPDF("", -1, "unable to find trailer dictionary while recovering damaged file");
     }
     if (m->xref_table.empty()) {
         // We cannot check for an empty xref table in parse because empty tables are valid when
         // creating QPDF objects from JSON.
-        throw qpdf.damagedPDF("", -1, "unable to find objects while recovering damaged file");
+        throw damagedPDF("", -1, "unable to find objects while recovering damaged file");
     }
     check_warnings();
     if (!m->parsed) {
-        m->parsed = true;
-        qpdf.getAllPages();
-        check_warnings();
-        if (m->all_pages.empty()) {
-            m->parsed = false;
-            throw qpdf.damagedPDF("", -1, "unable to find any pages while recovering damaged file");
+        m->parsed = !m->pages.empty();
+        if (!m->parsed) {
+            throw damagedPDF("", -1, "unable to find any pages while recovering damaged file");
         }
+        check_warnings();
     }
 
     // We could iterate through the objects looking for streams and try to find objects inside of
@@ -443,7 +439,7 @@ Objects::read_xref(qpdf_offset_t xref_offset, bool in_stream_recovery)
         // where it is terminated by arbitrary whitespace.
         if ((strncmp(buf, "xref", 4) == 0) && util::is_space(buf[4])) {
             if (skipped_space) {
-                qpdf.warn(qpdf.damagedPDF("", -1, "extraneous whitespace seen before xref"));
+                warn(damagedPDF("", -1, "extraneous whitespace seen before xref"));
             }
             QTC::TC(
                 "qpdf",
@@ -462,12 +458,12 @@ Objects::read_xref(qpdf_offset_t xref_offset, bool in_stream_recovery)
             xref_offset = read_xrefStream(xref_offset, in_stream_recovery);
         }
         if (visited.contains(xref_offset)) {
-            throw qpdf.damagedPDF("", -1, "loop detected following xref tables");
+            throw damagedPDF("", -1, "loop detected following xref tables");
         }
     }
 
     if (!m->trailer) {
-        throw qpdf.damagedPDF("", -1, "unable to find trailer while reading xref");
+        throw damagedPDF("", -1, "unable to find trailer while reading xref");
     }
     int size = m->trailer.getKey("/Size").getIntValueAsInt();
     int max_obj = 0;
@@ -478,7 +474,7 @@ Objects::read_xref(qpdf_offset_t xref_offset, bool in_stream_recovery)
         max_obj = std::max(max_obj, *(m->deleted_objects.rbegin()));
     }
     if ((size < 1) || (size - 1 != max_obj)) {
-        qpdf.warn(qpdf.damagedPDF(
+        warn(damagedPDF(
             "",
             -1,
             ("reported number of objects (" + std::to_string(size) +
@@ -615,7 +611,7 @@ Objects::read_bad_xrefEntry(qpdf_offset_t& f1, int& f2, char& type)
     }
 
     if (invalid) {
-        qpdf.warn(qpdf.damagedPDF("xref table", "accepting invalid xref table entry"));
+        warn(damagedPDF("xref table", "accepting invalid xref table entry"));
     }
 
     f1 = QUtil::string_to_ll(f1_str.c_str());
@@ -692,7 +688,7 @@ Objects::read_xrefTable(qpdf_offset_t xref_offset)
         int num = 0;
         int bytes = 0;
         if (!parse_xrefFirst(line, obj, num, bytes)) {
-            throw qpdf.damagedPDF("xref table", "xref syntax invalid");
+            throw damagedPDF("xref table", "xref syntax invalid");
         }
         m->file->seek(m->file->getLastOffset() + bytes, SEEK_SET);
         for (qpdf_offset_t i = obj; i - num < obj; ++i) {
@@ -705,7 +701,7 @@ Objects::read_xrefTable(qpdf_offset_t xref_offset)
             int f2 = 0;
             char type = '\0';
             if (!read_xrefEntry(f1, f2, type)) {
-                throw qpdf.damagedPDF(
+                throw damagedPDF(
                     "xref table", "invalid xref entry (obj=" + std::to_string(i) + ")");
             }
             if (type == 'f') {
@@ -725,17 +721,17 @@ Objects::read_xrefTable(qpdf_offset_t xref_offset)
     // Set offset to previous xref table if any
     QPDFObjectHandle cur_trailer = m->objects.readTrailer();
     if (!cur_trailer.isDictionary()) {
-        throw qpdf.damagedPDF("", "expected trailer dictionary");
+        throw damagedPDF("", "expected trailer dictionary");
     }
 
     if (!m->trailer) {
         setTrailer(cur_trailer);
 
         if (!m->trailer.hasKey("/Size")) {
-            throw qpdf.damagedPDF("trailer", "trailer dictionary lacks /Size key");
+            throw damagedPDF("trailer", "trailer dictionary lacks /Size key");
         }
         if (!m->trailer.getKey("/Size").isInteger()) {
-            throw qpdf.damagedPDF("trailer", "/Size key in trailer dictionary is not an integer");
+            throw damagedPDF("trailer", "/Size key in trailer dictionary is not an integer");
         }
     }
 
@@ -748,14 +744,14 @@ Objects::read_xrefTable(qpdf_offset_t xref_offset)
                 // /Prev key instead of the xref stream's.
                 (void)read_xrefStream(cur_trailer.getKey("/XRefStm").getIntValue());
             } else {
-                throw qpdf.damagedPDF("xref stream", xref_offset, "invalid /XRefStm");
+                throw damagedPDF("xref stream", xref_offset, "invalid /XRefStm");
             }
         }
     }
 
     if (cur_trailer.hasKey("/Prev")) {
         if (!cur_trailer.getKey("/Prev").isInteger()) {
-            throw qpdf.damagedPDF("trailer", "/Prev key in trailer dictionary is not an integer");
+            throw damagedPDF("trailer", "/Prev key in trailer dictionary is not an integer");
         }
         return cur_trailer.getKey("/Prev").getIntValue();
     }
@@ -781,7 +777,7 @@ Objects::read_xrefStream(qpdf_offset_t xref_offset, bool in_stream_recovery)
         }
     }
 
-    throw qpdf.damagedPDF("", xref_offset, "xref not found");
+    throw damagedPDF("", xref_offset, "xref not found");
     return 0; // unreachable
 }
 
@@ -912,7 +908,7 @@ Objects::processXRefStream(
     qpdf_offset_t xref_offset, QPDFObjectHandle& xref_obj, bool in_stream_recovery)
 {
     auto damaged = [this, xref_offset](std::string_view msg) -> QPDFExc {
-        return qpdf.damagedPDF("xref stream", xref_offset, msg.data());
+        return damagedPDF("xref stream", xref_offset, msg.data());
     };
 
     auto dict = xref_obj.getDict();
@@ -932,7 +928,7 @@ Objects::processXRefStream(
         if (expected_size > actual_size) {
             throw x;
         } else {
-            qpdf.warn(x);
+            warn(x);
         }
     }
 
@@ -992,7 +988,7 @@ Objects::processXRefStream(
 
     if (dict.hasKey("/Prev")) {
         if (!dict.getKey("/Prev").isInteger()) {
-            throw qpdf.damagedPDF(
+            throw damagedPDF(
                 "xref stream", "/Prev key in xref stream dictionary is not an integer");
         }
         return dict.getKey("/Prev").getIntValue();
@@ -1030,13 +1026,13 @@ Objects::insertXrefEntry(int obj, int f0, qpdf_offset_t f1, int f2)
 
     if (f0 == 2) {
         if (f1 == obj) {
-            qpdf.warn(qpdf.damagedPDF(
-                "xref stream", "self-referential object stream " + std::to_string(obj)));
+            warn(
+                damagedPDF("xref stream", "self-referential object stream " + std::to_string(obj)));
             return;
         }
         if (f1 > m->xref_table_max_id) {
             // ignore impossibly large object stream ids
-            qpdf.warn(qpdf.damagedPDF(
+            warn(damagedPDF(
                 "xref stream",
                 "object stream id " + std::to_string(f1) + " for object " + std::to_string(obj) +
                     " is impossibly large"));
@@ -1061,8 +1057,7 @@ Objects::insertXrefEntry(int obj, int f0, qpdf_offset_t f1, int f2)
         break;
 
     default:
-        throw qpdf.damagedPDF(
-            "xref stream", "unknown xref stream entry type " + std::to_string(f0));
+        throw damagedPDF("xref stream", "unknown xref stream entry type " + std::to_string(f0));
         break;
     }
 }
@@ -1182,9 +1177,9 @@ Objects::readTrailer()
     if (empty) {
         // Nothing in the PDF spec appears to allow empty objects, but they have been encountered in
         // actual PDF files and Adobe Reader appears to ignore them.
-        qpdf.warn(qpdf.damagedPDF("trailer", "empty object treated as null"));
+        warn(damagedPDF("trailer", "empty object treated as null"));
     } else if (object.isDictionary() && m->objects.readToken(*m->file).isWord("stream")) {
-        qpdf.warn(qpdf.damagedPDF("trailer", m->file->tell(), "stream keyword found in trailer"));
+        warn(damagedPDF("trailer", m->file->tell(), "stream keyword found in trailer"));
     }
     // Override last_offset so that it points to the beginning of the object we just read
     m->file->setLastOffset(offset);
@@ -1210,8 +1205,7 @@ Objects::readObject(std::string const& description, QPDFObjGen og)
     if (empty) {
         // Nothing in the PDF spec appears to allow empty objects, but they have been encountered in
         // actual PDF files and Adobe Reader appears to ignore them.
-        qpdf.warn(
-            qpdf.damagedPDF(*m->file, m->file->getLastOffset(), "empty object treated as null"));
+        warn(damagedPDF(*m->file, m->file->getLastOffset(), "empty object treated as null"));
         return object;
     }
     auto token = readToken(*m->file);
@@ -1220,7 +1214,7 @@ Objects::readObject(std::string const& description, QPDFObjGen og)
         token = readToken(*m->file);
     }
     if (!token.isWord("endobj")) {
-        qpdf.warn(qpdf.damagedPDF("expected endobj"));
+        warn(damagedPDF("expected endobj"));
     }
     return object;
 }
@@ -1241,9 +1235,9 @@ Objects::readStream(QPDFObjectHandle& object, QPDFObjGen og, qpdf_offset_t offse
 
         if (!length_obj.isInteger()) {
             if (length_obj.null()) {
-                throw qpdf.damagedPDF(offset, "stream dictionary lacks /Length key");
+                throw damagedPDF(offset, "stream dictionary lacks /Length key");
             }
-            throw qpdf.damagedPDF(offset, "/Length key in stream dictionary is not an integer");
+            throw damagedPDF(offset, "/Length key in stream dictionary is not an integer");
         }
 
         length = toS(length_obj.getUIntValue());
@@ -1251,11 +1245,11 @@ Objects::readStream(QPDFObjectHandle& object, QPDFObjGen og, qpdf_offset_t offse
         m->file->seek(stream_offset, SEEK_SET);
         m->file->seek(toO(length), SEEK_CUR);
         if (!readToken(*m->file).isWord("endstream")) {
-            throw qpdf.damagedPDF("expected endstream");
+            throw damagedPDF("expected endstream");
         }
     } catch (QPDFExc& e) {
         if (m->attempt_recovery) {
-            qpdf.warn(e);
+            warn(e);
             length = recoverStreamLength(m->file, og, stream_offset);
         } else {
             throw;
@@ -1295,7 +1289,7 @@ Objects::validateStreamLineEnd(QPDFObjectHandle& object, QPDFObjGen og, qpdf_off
                     // Treat the \r by itself as the whitespace after endstream and start reading
                     // stream data in spite of not having seen a newline.
                     m->file->unreadCh(ch);
-                    qpdf.warn(qpdf.damagedPDF(
+                    warn(damagedPDF(
                         m->file->tell(), "stream keyword followed by carriage return only"));
                 }
             }
@@ -1303,12 +1297,11 @@ Objects::validateStreamLineEnd(QPDFObjectHandle& object, QPDFObjGen og, qpdf_off
         }
         if (!util::is_space(ch)) {
             m->file->unreadCh(ch);
-            qpdf.warn(qpdf.damagedPDF(
+            warn(damagedPDF(
                 m->file->tell(), "stream keyword not followed by proper line terminator"));
             return;
         }
-        qpdf.warn(
-            qpdf.damagedPDF(m->file->tell(), "stream keyword followed by extraneous whitespace"));
+        warn(damagedPDF(m->file->tell(), "stream keyword followed by extraneous whitespace"));
     }
 }
 
@@ -1319,7 +1312,7 @@ Objects::readObjectInStream(is::OffsetBuffer& input, int stream_id, int obj_id)
     if (empty) {
         // Nothing in the PDF spec appears to allow empty objects, but they have been encountered in
         // actual PDF files and Adobe Reader appears to ignore them.
-        qpdf.warn(QPDFExc(
+        warn(QPDFExc(
             qpdf_e_damaged_pdf,
             m->file->getName() + " object stream " + std::to_string(stream_id),
             +"object " + std::to_string(obj_id) + " 0, offset " +
@@ -1347,7 +1340,7 @@ Objects::recoverStreamLength(
     std::shared_ptr<InputSource> input, QPDFObjGen og, qpdf_offset_t stream_offset)
 {
     // Try to reconstruct stream length by looking for endstream or endobj
-    qpdf.warn(qpdf.damagedPDF(*input, stream_offset, "attempting to recover stream length"));
+    warn(damagedPDF(*input, stream_offset, "attempting to recover stream length"));
 
     PatternFinder ef(qpdf, &QPDF::findEndstream);
     size_t length = 0;
@@ -1386,10 +1379,10 @@ Objects::recoverStreamLength(
     }
 
     if (length == 0) {
-        qpdf.warn(qpdf.damagedPDF(
+        warn(damagedPDF(
             *input, stream_offset, "unable to recover stream data; treating stream as empty"));
     } else {
-        qpdf.warn(qpdf.damagedPDF(
+        warn(damagedPDF(
             *input, stream_offset, "recovered stream length: " + std::to_string(length)));
     }
 
@@ -1409,24 +1402,24 @@ Objects::read_object_start(qpdf_offset_t offset)
     QPDFTokenizer::Token tobjid = readToken(*m->file);
     bool objidok = tobjid.isInteger();
     if (!objidok) {
-        throw qpdf.damagedPDF(offset, "expected n n obj");
+        throw damagedPDF(offset, "expected n n obj");
     }
     QPDFTokenizer::Token tgen = readToken(*m->file);
     bool genok = tgen.isInteger();
     if (!genok) {
-        throw qpdf.damagedPDF(offset, "expected n n obj");
+        throw damagedPDF(offset, "expected n n obj");
     }
     QPDFTokenizer::Token tobj = readToken(*m->file);
 
     bool objok = tobj.isWord("obj");
 
     if (!objok) {
-        throw qpdf.damagedPDF(offset, "expected n n obj");
+        throw damagedPDF(offset, "expected n n obj");
     }
     int objid = QUtil::string_to_int(tobjid.getValue().c_str());
     int generation = QUtil::string_to_int(tgen.getValue().c_str());
     if (objid == 0) {
-        throw qpdf.damagedPDF(offset, "object with ID 0");
+        throw damagedPDF(offset, "object with ID 0");
     }
     return {objid, generation};
 }
@@ -1447,20 +1440,20 @@ Objects::readObjectAtOffset(
     // "0000000000 00000 n", which is not correct, but it won't hurt anything for us to ignore
     // these.
     if (offset == 0) {
-        qpdf.warn(qpdf.damagedPDF(-1, "object has offset 0"));
+        warn(damagedPDF(-1, "object has offset 0"));
         return;
     }
 
     try {
         og = read_object_start(offset);
         if (exp_og != og) {
-            QPDFExc e = qpdf.damagedPDF(offset, "expected " + exp_og.unparse(' ') + " obj");
+            QPDFExc e = damagedPDF(offset, "expected " + exp_og.unparse(' ') + " obj");
             if (try_recovery) {
                 // Will be retried below
                 throw e;
             } else {
                 // We can try reading the object anyway even if the ID doesn't match.
-                qpdf.warn(e);
+                warn(e);
             }
         }
     } catch (QPDFExc& e) {
@@ -1474,7 +1467,7 @@ Objects::readObjectAtOffset(
             readObjectAtOffset(false, new_offset, description, exp_og);
             return;
         }
-        qpdf.warn(qpdf.damagedPDF(
+        warn(damagedPDF(
             "",
             -1,
             ("object " + exp_og.unparse(' ') +
@@ -1493,7 +1486,7 @@ Objects::readObjectAtOffset(
     while (true) {
         char ch;
         if (!m->file->read(&ch, 1)) {
-            throw qpdf.damagedPDF(m->file->tell(), "EOF after endobj");
+            throw damagedPDF(m->file->tell(), "EOF after endobj");
         }
         if (!isspace(static_cast<unsigned char>(ch))) {
             m->file->seek(-1, SEEK_CUR);
@@ -1552,7 +1545,7 @@ Objects::readObjectAtOffset(
     while (true) {
         char ch;
         if (!m->file->read(&ch, 1)) {
-            throw qpdf.damagedPDF(m->file->tell(), "EOF after endobj");
+            throw damagedPDF(m->file->tell(), "EOF after endobj");
         }
         if (!isspace(static_cast<unsigned char>(ch))) {
             m->file->seek(-1, SEEK_CUR);
@@ -1574,7 +1567,7 @@ Objects::resolve(QPDFObjGen og)
     if (m->resolving.contains(og)) {
         // This can happen if an object references itself directly or indirectly in some key that
         // has to be resolved during object parsing, such as stream length.
-        qpdf.warn(qpdf.damagedPDF("", "loop detected resolving object " + og.unparse(' ')));
+        warn(damagedPDF("", "loop detected resolving object " + og.unparse(' ')));
         updateCache(og, QPDFObject::create<QPDF_Null>(), -1, -1);
         return m->obj_cache[og].object;
     }
@@ -1594,13 +1587,13 @@ Objects::resolve(QPDFObjGen og)
                 break;
 
             default:
-                throw qpdf.damagedPDF(
+                throw damagedPDF(
                     "", -1, ("object " + og.unparse('/') + " has unexpected xref entry type"));
             }
         } catch (QPDFExc& e) {
-            qpdf.warn(e);
+            warn(e);
         } catch (std::exception& e) {
-            qpdf.warn(qpdf.damagedPDF(
+            warn(damagedPDF(
                 "", -1, ("object " + og.unparse('/') + ": error reading object: " + e.what())));
         }
     }
@@ -1636,7 +1629,7 @@ Objects::resolveObjectsInStream(int obj_stream_number)
     // Force resolution of object stream
     Stream obj_stream = qpdf.getObject(obj_stream_number, 0);
     if (!obj_stream) {
-        throw qpdf.damagedPDF(
+        throw damagedPDF(
             "object " + std::to_string(obj_stream_number) + " 0",
             "supposed object stream " + std::to_string(obj_stream_number) + " is not a stream");
     }
@@ -1649,7 +1642,7 @@ Objects::resolveObjectsInStream(int obj_stream_number)
 
     QPDFObjectHandle dict = obj_stream.getDict();
     if (!dict.isDictionaryOfType("/ObjStm")) {
-        qpdf.warn(qpdf.damagedPDF(
+        warn(damagedPDF(
             "object " + std::to_string(obj_stream_number) + " 0",
             "supposed object stream " + std::to_string(obj_stream_number) + " has wrong type"));
     }
@@ -1657,7 +1650,7 @@ Objects::resolveObjectsInStream(int obj_stream_number)
     unsigned int n{0};
     int first{0};
     if (!(dict.getKey("/N").getValueAsUInt(n) && dict.getKey("/First").getValueAsInt(first))) {
-        throw qpdf.damagedPDF(
+        throw damagedPDF(
             "object " + std::to_string(obj_stream_number) + " 0",
             "object stream " + std::to_string(obj_stream_number) + " has incorrect keys");
     }
@@ -1674,7 +1667,7 @@ Objects::resolveObjectsInStream(int obj_stream_number)
     auto b_start = stream_data.data();
 
     if (first >= end_offset) {
-        throw qpdf.damagedPDF(
+        throw damagedPDF(
             "object " + std::to_string(obj_stream_number) + " 0",
             "object stream " + std::to_string(obj_stream_number) + " has invalid /First entry");
     }
@@ -1694,17 +1687,17 @@ Objects::resolveObjectsInStream(int obj_stream_number)
         long long offset = QUtil::string_to_int(toffset.getValue().c_str());
 
         if (num == obj_stream_number) {
-            qpdf.warn(damaged(num, id_offset, "object stream claims to contain itself"));
+            warn(damaged(num, id_offset, "object stream claims to contain itself"));
             continue;
         }
 
         if (num < 1) {
-            qpdf.warn(damaged(num, id_offset, "object id is invalid"s));
+            warn(damaged(num, id_offset, "object id is invalid"s));
             continue;
         }
 
         if (offset <= last_offset) {
-            qpdf.warn(damaged(
+            warn(damaged(
                 num,
                 input.getLastOffset(),
                 "offset " + std::to_string(offset) +
@@ -1718,7 +1711,7 @@ Objects::resolveObjectsInStream(int obj_stream_number)
         }
 
         if (first + offset >= end_offset) {
-            qpdf.warn(damaged(
+            warn(damaged(
                 num, input.getLastOffset(), "offset " + std::to_string(offset) + " is too large"));
             continue;
         }
@@ -1934,7 +1927,7 @@ Objects::tableSize()
         // Temporary fix. Long-term solution is
         // - QPDFObjGen to enforce objgens are valid and sensible
         // - xref table and obj cache to protect against insertion of impossibly large obj ids
-        qpdf.stopOnError("Impossibly large object id encountered.");
+        stopOnError("Impossibly large object id encountered.");
     }
     if (max_obj < 1.1 * std::max(toI(m->obj_cache.size()), max_xref)) {
         return toS(++max_obj);
diff --git a/libqpdf/QPDF_optimization.cc b/libqpdf/QPDF_optimization.cc
deleted file mode 100644
index 9cfb605..0000000
--- a/libqpdf/QPDF_optimization.cc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,429 +0,0 @@
-// See the "Optimization" section of the manual.
-
-#include <qpdf/QPDF_private.hh>
-
-#include <qpdf/QPDFExc.hh>
-#include <qpdf/QPDFObjectHandle_private.hh>
-#include <qpdf/QPDFWriter_private.hh>
-#include <qpdf/QTC.hh>
-
-using Lin = QPDF::Doc::Linearization;
-using Pages = QPDF::Doc::Pages;
-
-QPDF::ObjUser::ObjUser(user_e type) :
-    ou_type(type)
-{
-    qpdf_assert_debug(type == ou_root);
-}
-
-QPDF::ObjUser::ObjUser(user_e type, size_t pageno) :
-    ou_type(type),
-    pageno(pageno)
-{
-    qpdf_assert_debug((type == ou_page) || (type == ou_thumb));
-}
-
-QPDF::ObjUser::ObjUser(user_e type, std::string const& key) :
-    ou_type(type),
-    key(key)
-{
-    qpdf_assert_debug((type == ou_trailer_key) || (type == ou_root_key));
-}
-
-bool
-QPDF::ObjUser::operator<(ObjUser const& rhs) const
-{
-    if (ou_type < rhs.ou_type) {
-        return true;
-    }
-    if (ou_type == rhs.ou_type) {
-        if (pageno < rhs.pageno) {
-            return true;
-        }
-        if (pageno == rhs.pageno) {
-            return key < rhs.key;
-        }
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-
-QPDF::UpdateObjectMapsFrame::UpdateObjectMapsFrame(
-    QPDF::ObjUser const& ou, QPDFObjectHandle oh, bool top) :
-    ou(ou),
-    oh(oh),
-    top(top)
-{
-}
-
-void
-QPDF::optimize(
-    std::map<int, int> const& object_stream_data,
-    bool allow_changes,
-    std::function<int(QPDFObjectHandle&)> skip_stream_parameters)
-{
-    m->lin.optimize_internal(object_stream_data, allow_changes, skip_stream_parameters);
-}
-
-void
-Lin::optimize(
-    QPDFWriter::ObjTable const& obj, std::function<int(QPDFObjectHandle&)> skip_stream_parameters)
-{
-    optimize_internal(obj, true, skip_stream_parameters);
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-void
-Lin::optimize_internal(
-    T const& object_stream_data,
-    bool allow_changes,
-    std::function<int(QPDFObjectHandle&)> skip_stream_parameters)
-{
-    if (!m->obj_user_to_objects.empty()) {
-        // already optimized
-        return;
-    }
-
-    // The PDF specification indicates that /Outlines is supposed to be an indirect reference. Force
-    // it to be so if it exists and is direct.  (This has been seen in the wild.)
-    QPDFObjectHandle root = qpdf.getRoot();
-    if (root.getKey("/Outlines").isDictionary()) {
-        QPDFObjectHandle outlines = root.getKey("/Outlines");
-        if (!outlines.isIndirect()) {
-            root.replaceKey("/Outlines", qpdf.makeIndirectObject(outlines));
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Traverse pages tree pushing all inherited resources down to the page level.  This also
-    // initializes m->all_pages.
-    m->pages.pushInheritedAttributesToPage(allow_changes, false);
-
-    // Traverse pages
-    size_t n = m->all_pages.size();
-    for (size_t pageno = 0; pageno < n; ++pageno) {
-        updateObjectMaps(
-            ObjUser(ObjUser::ou_page, pageno), m->all_pages.at(pageno), skip_stream_parameters);
-    }
-
-    // Traverse document-level items
-    for (auto const& [key, value]: m->trailer.as_dictionary()) {
-        if (key == "/Root") {
-            // handled separately
-        } else {
-            if (!value.null()) {
-                updateObjectMaps(
-                    ObjUser(ObjUser::ou_trailer_key, key), value, skip_stream_parameters);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    for (auto const& [key, value]: root.as_dictionary()) {
-        // Technically, /I keys from /Thread dictionaries are supposed to be handled separately, but
-        // we are going to disregard that specification for now.  There is loads of evidence that
-        // pdlin and Acrobat both disregard things like this from time to time, so this is almost
-        // certain not to cause any problems.
-        if (!value.null()) {
-            updateObjectMaps(ObjUser(ObjUser::ou_root_key, key), value, skip_stream_parameters);
-        }
-    }
-
-    ObjUser root_ou = ObjUser(ObjUser::ou_root);
-    auto root_og = QPDFObjGen(root.getObjGen());
-    m->obj_user_to_objects[root_ou].insert(root_og);
-    m->object_to_obj_users[root_og].insert(root_ou);
-
-    filterCompressedObjects(object_stream_data);
-}
-
-void
-QPDF::pushInheritedAttributesToPage()
-{
-    // Public API should not have access to allow_changes.
-    m->pages.pushInheritedAttributesToPage(true, false);
-}
-
-void
-Pages::pushInheritedAttributesToPage(bool allow_changes, bool warn_skipped_keys)
-{
-    // Traverse pages tree pushing all inherited resources down to the page level.
-
-    // The record of whether we've done this is cleared by updateAllPagesCache().  If we're warning
-    // for skipped keys, re-traverse unconditionally.
-    if (m->pushed_inherited_attributes_to_pages && (!warn_skipped_keys)) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    // Calling getAllPages() resolves any duplicated page objects, repairs broken nodes, and detects
-    // loops, so we don't have to do those activities here.
-    qpdf.getAllPages();
-
-    // key_ancestors is a mapping of page attribute keys to a stack of Pages nodes that contain
-    // values for them.
-    std::map<std::string, std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>> key_ancestors;
-    pushInheritedAttributesToPageInternal(
-        m->trailer.getKey("/Root").getKey("/Pages"),
-        key_ancestors,
-        allow_changes,
-        warn_skipped_keys);
-    if (!key_ancestors.empty()) {
-        throw std::logic_error(
-            "key_ancestors not empty after pushing inherited attributes to pages");
-    }
-    m->pushed_inherited_attributes_to_pages = true;
-    m->ever_pushed_inherited_attributes_to_pages = true;
-}
-
-void
-Pages ::pushInheritedAttributesToPageInternal(
-    QPDFObjectHandle cur_pages,
-    std::map<std::string, std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>>& key_ancestors,
-    bool allow_changes,
-    bool warn_skipped_keys)
-{
-    // Make a list of inheritable keys. Only the keys /MediaBox, /CropBox, /Resources, and /Rotate
-    // are inheritable attributes. Push this object onto the stack of pages nodes that have values
-    // for this attribute.
-
-    std::set<std::string> inheritable_keys;
-    for (auto const& key: cur_pages.getKeys()) {
-        if (key == "/MediaBox" || key == "/CropBox" || key == "/Resources" || key == "/Rotate") {
-            if (!allow_changes) {
-                throw QPDFExc(
-                    qpdf_e_internal,
-                    m->file->getName(),
-                    m->last_object_description,
-                    m->file->getLastOffset(),
-                    "optimize detected an inheritable attribute when called in no-change mode");
-            }
-
-            // This is an inheritable resource
-            inheritable_keys.insert(key);
-            QPDFObjectHandle oh = cur_pages.getKey(key);
-            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF opt direct pages resource", oh.indirect() ? 0 : 1);
-            if (!oh.indirect()) {
-                if (!oh.isScalar()) {
-                    // Replace shared direct object non-scalar resources with indirect objects to
-                    // avoid copying large structures around.
-                    cur_pages.replaceKey(key, qpdf.makeIndirectObject(oh));
-                    oh = cur_pages.getKey(key);
-                } else {
-                    // It's okay to copy scalars.
-                }
-            }
-            key_ancestors[key].push_back(oh);
-            if (key_ancestors[key].size() > 1) {
-            }
-            // Remove this resource from this node.  It will be reattached at the page level.
-            cur_pages.removeKey(key);
-        } else if (!(key == "/Type" || key == "/Parent" || key == "/Kids" || key == "/Count")) {
-            // Warn when flattening, but not if the key is at the top level (i.e. "/Parent" not
-            // set), as we don't change these; but flattening removes intermediate /Pages nodes.
-            if (warn_skipped_keys && cur_pages.hasKey("/Parent")) {
-                qpdf.warn(
-                    qpdf_e_pages,
-                    "Pages object: object " + cur_pages.id_gen().unparse(' '),
-                    0,
-                    ("Unknown key " + key +
-                     " in /Pages object is being discarded as a result of flattening the /Pages "
-                     "tree"));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Process descendant nodes. This method does not perform loop detection because all code paths
-    // that lead here follow a call to getAllPages, which already throws an exception in the event
-    // of a loop in the pages tree.
-    for (auto& kid: cur_pages.getKey("/Kids").aitems()) {
-        if (kid.isDictionaryOfType("/Pages")) {
-            pushInheritedAttributesToPageInternal(
-                kid, key_ancestors, allow_changes, warn_skipped_keys);
-        } else {
-            // Add all available inheritable attributes not present in this object to this object.
-            for (auto const& iter: key_ancestors) {
-                std::string const& key = iter.first;
-                if (!kid.hasKey(key)) {
-                    kid.replaceKey(key, iter.second.back());
-                } else {
-                    QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF opt page resource hides ancestor");
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // For each inheritable key, pop the stack.  If the stack becomes empty, remove it from the map.
-    // That way, the invariant that the list of keys in key_ancestors is exactly those keys for
-    // which inheritable attributes are available.
-
-    if (!inheritable_keys.empty()) {
-        for (auto const& key: inheritable_keys) {
-            key_ancestors[key].pop_back();
-            if (key_ancestors[key].empty()) {
-                key_ancestors.erase(key);
-            }
-        }
-    } else {
-        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF opt no inheritable keys");
-    }
-}
-
-void
-Lin::updateObjectMaps(
-    ObjUser const& first_ou,
-    QPDFObjectHandle first_oh,
-    std::function<int(QPDFObjectHandle&)> skip_stream_parameters)
-{
-    QPDFObjGen::set visited;
-    std::vector<UpdateObjectMapsFrame> pending;
-    pending.emplace_back(first_ou, first_oh, true);
-    // Traverse the object tree from this point taking care to avoid crossing page boundaries.
-    std::unique_ptr<ObjUser> thumb_ou;
-    while (!pending.empty()) {
-        auto cur = pending.back();
-        pending.pop_back();
-
-        bool is_page_node = false;
-
-        if (cur.oh.isDictionaryOfType("/Page")) {
-            is_page_node = true;
-            if (!cur.top) {
-                continue;
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (cur.oh.isIndirect()) {
-            QPDFObjGen og(cur.oh.getObjGen());
-            if (!visited.add(og)) {
-                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF opt loop detected");
-                continue;
-            }
-            m->obj_user_to_objects[cur.ou].insert(og);
-            m->object_to_obj_users[og].insert(cur.ou);
-        }
-
-        if (cur.oh.isArray()) {
-            for (auto const& item: cur.oh.as_array()) {
-                pending.emplace_back(cur.ou, item, false);
-            }
-        } else if (cur.oh.isDictionary() || cur.oh.isStream()) {
-            QPDFObjectHandle dict = cur.oh;
-            bool is_stream = cur.oh.isStream();
-            int ssp = 0;
-            if (is_stream) {
-                dict = cur.oh.getDict();
-                if (skip_stream_parameters) {
-                    ssp = skip_stream_parameters(cur.oh);
-                }
-            }
-
-            for (auto& [key, value]: dict.as_dictionary()) {
-                if (value.null()) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-
-                if (is_page_node && (key == "/Thumb")) {
-                    // Traverse page thumbnail dictionaries as a special case. There can only ever
-                    // be one /Thumb key on a page, and we see at most one page node per call.
-                    thumb_ou = std::make_unique<ObjUser>(ObjUser::ou_thumb, cur.ou.pageno);
-                    pending.emplace_back(*thumb_ou, dict.getKey(key), false);
-                } else if (is_page_node && (key == "/Parent")) {
-                    // Don't traverse back up the page tree
-                } else if (
-                    ((ssp >= 1) && (key == "/Length")) ||
-                    ((ssp >= 2) && ((key == "/Filter") || (key == "/DecodeParms")))) {
-                    // Don't traverse into stream parameters that we are not going to write.
-                } else {
-                    pending.emplace_back(cur.ou, value, false);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-void
-Lin::filterCompressedObjects(std::map<int, int> const& object_stream_data)
-{
-    if (object_stream_data.empty()) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    // Transform object_to_obj_users and obj_user_to_objects so that they refer only to uncompressed
-    // objects.  If something is a user of a compressed object, then it is really a user of the
-    // object stream that contains it.
-
-    std::map<ObjUser, std::set<QPDFObjGen>> t_obj_user_to_objects;
-    std::map<QPDFObjGen, std::set<ObjUser>> t_object_to_obj_users;
-
-    for (auto const& i1: m->obj_user_to_objects) {
-        ObjUser const& ou = i1.first;
-        // Loop over objects.
-        for (auto const& og: i1.second) {
-            auto i2 = object_stream_data.find(og.getObj());
-            if (i2 == object_stream_data.end()) {
-                t_obj_user_to_objects[ou].insert(og);
-            } else {
-                t_obj_user_to_objects[ou].insert(QPDFObjGen(i2->second, 0));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    for (auto const& i1: m->object_to_obj_users) {
-        QPDFObjGen const& og = i1.first;
-        // Loop over obj_users.
-        for (auto const& ou: i1.second) {
-            auto i2 = object_stream_data.find(og.getObj());
-            if (i2 == object_stream_data.end()) {
-                t_object_to_obj_users[og].insert(ou);
-            } else {
-                t_object_to_obj_users[QPDFObjGen(i2->second, 0)].insert(ou);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    m->obj_user_to_objects = t_obj_user_to_objects;
-    m->object_to_obj_users = t_object_to_obj_users;
-}
-
-void
-Lin::filterCompressedObjects(QPDFWriter::ObjTable const& obj)
-{
-    if (obj.getStreamsEmpty()) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    // Transform object_to_obj_users and obj_user_to_objects so that they refer only to uncompressed
-    // objects.  If something is a user of a compressed object, then it is really a user of the
-    // object stream that contains it.
-
-    std::map<ObjUser, std::set<QPDFObjGen>> t_obj_user_to_objects;
-    std::map<QPDFObjGen, std::set<ObjUser>> t_object_to_obj_users;
-
-    for (auto const& i1: m->obj_user_to_objects) {
-        ObjUser const& ou = i1.first;
-        // Loop over objects.
-        for (auto const& og: i1.second) {
-            if (obj.contains(og)) {
-                if (auto const& i2 = obj[og].object_stream; i2 <= 0) {
-                    t_obj_user_to_objects[ou].insert(og);
-                } else {
-                    t_obj_user_to_objects[ou].insert(QPDFObjGen(i2, 0));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    for (auto const& i1: m->object_to_obj_users) {
-        QPDFObjGen const& og = i1.first;
-        if (obj.contains(og)) {
-            // Loop over obj_users.
-            for (auto const& ou: i1.second) {
-                if (auto i2 = obj[og].object_stream; i2 <= 0) {
-                    t_object_to_obj_users[og].insert(ou);
-                } else {
-                    t_object_to_obj_users[QPDFObjGen(i2, 0)].insert(ou);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    m->obj_user_to_objects = t_obj_user_to_objects;
-    m->object_to_obj_users = t_object_to_obj_users;
-}
diff --git a/libqpdf/QPDF_pages.cc b/libqpdf/QPDF_pages.cc
index 0239314..62f1407 100644
--- a/libqpdf/QPDF_pages.cc
+++ b/libqpdf/QPDF_pages.cc
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
+#include <qpdf/QPDFPageDocumentHelper.hh>
 #include <qpdf/QPDF_private.hh>
 
+#include <qpdf/QPDFAcroFormDocumentHelper.hh>
 #include <qpdf/QPDFExc.hh>
 #include <qpdf/QPDFObjectHandle_private.hh>
 #include <qpdf/QTC.hh>
 #include <qpdf/QUtil.hh>
+#include <qpdf/Util.hh>
 
 // In support of page manipulation APIs, these methods internally maintain state about pages in a
 // pair of data structures: all_pages, which is a vector of page objects, and pageobj_to_pages_pos,
@@ -42,10 +45,16 @@ using Pages = QPDF::Doc::Pages;
 std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> const&
 QPDF::getAllPages()
 {
+    return m->pages.all();
+}
+
+std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> const&
+Pages::cache()
+{
     // Note that pushInheritedAttributesToPage may also be used to initialize m->all_pages.
-    if (m->all_pages.empty() && !m->invalid_page_found) {
-        m->ever_called_get_all_pages = true;
-        auto root = getRoot();
+    if (all_pages.empty() && !invalid_page_found) {
+        ever_called_get_all_pages_ = true;
+        auto root = qpdf.getRoot();
         QPDFObjGen::set visited;
         QPDFObjGen::set seen;
         QPDFObjectHandle pages = root.getKey("/Pages");
@@ -77,18 +86,18 @@ QPDF::getAllPages()
                 qpdf_e_pages, m->file->getName(), "", 0, "root of pages tree has no /Kids array");
         }
         try {
-            m->pages.getAllPagesInternal(pages, visited, seen, false, false);
+            getAllPagesInternal(pages, visited, seen, false, false);
         } catch (...) {
-            m->all_pages.clear();
-            m->invalid_page_found = false;
+            all_pages.clear();
+            invalid_page_found = false;
             throw;
         }
-        if (m->invalid_page_found) {
-            m->pages.flattenPagesTree();
-            m->invalid_page_found = false;
+        if (invalid_page_found) {
+            flattenPagesTree();
+            invalid_page_found = false;
         }
     }
-    return m->all_pages;
+    return all_pages;
 }
 
 void
@@ -137,7 +146,7 @@ Pages::getAllPagesInternal(
 
         if (!kid.isDictionary()) {
             kid.warn("Pages tree includes non-dictionary object; ignoring");
-            m->invalid_page_found = true;
+            invalid_page_found = true;
             continue;
         }
         if (!kid.isIndirect()) {
@@ -206,7 +215,7 @@ Pages::getAllPagesInternal(
                     cur_node.warn(
                         "kid " + std::to_string(i) +
                         " (from 0) appears more than once in the pages tree; ignoring duplicate");
-                    m->invalid_page_found = true;
+                    invalid_page_found = true;
                     kid = QPDFObjectHandle::newNull();
                     continue;
                 }
@@ -223,11 +232,11 @@ Pages::getAllPagesInternal(
             if (m->reconstructed_xref && errors > 2) {
                 cur_node.warn(
                     "kid " + std::to_string(i) + " (from 0) has too many errors; ignoring page");
-                m->invalid_page_found = true;
+                invalid_page_found = true;
                 kid = QPDFObjectHandle::newNull();
                 continue;
             }
-            m->all_pages.emplace_back(kid);
+            all_pages.emplace_back(kid);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -235,13 +244,19 @@ Pages::getAllPagesInternal(
 void
 QPDF::updateAllPagesCache()
 {
+    m->pages.update_cache();
+}
+
+void
+Pages::update_cache()
+{
     // Force regeneration of the pages cache.  We force immediate recalculation of all_pages since
     // users may have references to it that they got from calls to getAllPages().  We can defer
     // recalculation of pageobj_to_pages_pos until needed.
-    m->all_pages.clear();
-    m->pageobj_to_pages_pos.clear();
-    m->pushed_inherited_attributes_to_pages = false;
-    getAllPages();
+    all_pages.clear();
+    pageobj_to_pages_pos.clear();
+    pushed_inherited_attributes_to_pages = false;
+    cache();
 }
 
 void
@@ -249,30 +264,30 @@ Pages::flattenPagesTree()
 {
     // If not already done, flatten the /Pages structure and initialize pageobj_to_pages_pos.
 
-    if (!m->pageobj_to_pages_pos.empty()) {
+    if (!pageobj_to_pages_pos.empty()) {
         return;
     }
 
-    // Push inherited objects down to the /Page level.  As a side effect m->all_pages will also be
+    // Push inherited objects down to the /Page level.  As a side effect all_pages will also be
     // generated.
     pushInheritedAttributesToPage(true, true);
 
     QPDFObjectHandle pages = qpdf.getRoot().getKey("/Pages");
 
-    size_t const len = m->all_pages.size();
+    size_t const len = all_pages.size();
     for (size_t pos = 0; pos < len; ++pos) {
         // Populate pageobj_to_pages_pos and fix parent pointer. There should be no duplicates at
         // this point because pushInheritedAttributesToPage calls getAllPages which resolves
         // duplicates.
-        insertPageobjToPage(m->all_pages.at(pos), toI(pos), true);
-        m->all_pages.at(pos).replaceKey("/Parent", pages);
+        insertPageobjToPage(all_pages.at(pos), toI(pos), true);
+        all_pages.at(pos).replaceKey("/Parent", pages);
     }
 
-    pages.replaceKey("/Kids", QPDFObjectHandle::newArray(m->all_pages));
+    pages.replaceKey("/Kids", Array(all_pages));
     // /Count has not changed
     if (pages.getKey("/Count").getUIntValue() != len) {
-        if (m->invalid_page_found && pages.getKey("/Count").getUIntValue() > len) {
-            pages.replaceKey("/Count", QPDFObjectHandle::newInteger(toI(len)));
+        if (invalid_page_found && pages.getKey("/Count").getUIntValue() > len) {
+            pages.replaceKey("/Count", Integer(len));
         } else {
             throw std::runtime_error("/Count is wrong after flattening pages tree");
         }
@@ -280,11 +295,141 @@ Pages::flattenPagesTree()
 }
 
 void
+QPDF::pushInheritedAttributesToPage()
+{
+    // Public API should not have access to allow_changes.
+    m->pages.pushInheritedAttributesToPage(true, false);
+}
+
+void
+Pages::pushInheritedAttributesToPage(bool allow_changes, bool warn_skipped_keys)
+{
+    // Traverse pages tree pushing all inherited resources down to the page level.
+
+    // The record of whether we've done this is cleared by updateAllPagesCache().  If we're warning
+    // for skipped keys, re-traverse unconditionally.
+    if (pushed_inherited_attributes_to_pages && !warn_skipped_keys) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Calling cache() resolves any duplicated page objects, repairs broken nodes, and detects
+    // loops, so we don't have to do those activities here.
+    (void)cache();
+
+    // key_ancestors is a mapping of page attribute keys to a stack of Pages nodes that contain
+    // values for them.
+    std::map<std::string, std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>> key_ancestors;
+    pushInheritedAttributesToPageInternal(
+        m->trailer.getKey("/Root").getKey("/Pages"),
+        key_ancestors,
+        allow_changes,
+        warn_skipped_keys);
+    util::assertion(
+        key_ancestors.empty(),
+        "key_ancestors not empty after pushing inherited attributes to pages");
+    pushed_inherited_attributes_to_pages = true;
+    ever_pushed_inherited_attributes_to_pages_ = true;
+}
+
+void
+Pages::pushInheritedAttributesToPageInternal(
+    QPDFObjectHandle cur_pages,
+    std::map<std::string, std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>>& key_ancestors,
+    bool allow_changes,
+    bool warn_skipped_keys)
+{
+    // Make a list of inheritable keys. Only the keys /MediaBox, /CropBox, /Resources, and /Rotate
+    // are inheritable attributes. Push this object onto the stack of pages nodes that have values
+    // for this attribute.
+
+    std::set<std::string> inheritable_keys;
+    for (auto const& key: cur_pages.getKeys()) {
+        if (key == "/MediaBox" || key == "/CropBox" || key == "/Resources" || key == "/Rotate") {
+            if (!allow_changes) {
+                throw QPDFExc(
+                    qpdf_e_internal,
+                    m->file->getName(),
+                    m->last_object_description,
+                    m->file->getLastOffset(),
+                    "optimize detected an inheritable attribute when called in no-change mode");
+            }
+
+            // This is an inheritable resource
+            inheritable_keys.insert(key);
+            QPDFObjectHandle oh = cur_pages.getKey(key);
+            QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF opt direct pages resource", oh.indirect() ? 0 : 1);
+            if (!oh.indirect()) {
+                if (!oh.isScalar()) {
+                    // Replace shared direct object non-scalar resources with indirect objects to
+                    // avoid copying large structures around.
+                    cur_pages.replaceKey(key, qpdf.makeIndirectObject(oh));
+                    oh = cur_pages.getKey(key);
+                } else {
+                    // It's okay to copy scalars.
+                }
+            }
+            key_ancestors[key].push_back(oh);
+            if (key_ancestors[key].size() > 1) {
+            }
+            // Remove this resource from this node.  It will be reattached at the page level.
+            cur_pages.removeKey(key);
+        } else if (!(key == "/Type" || key == "/Parent" || key == "/Kids" || key == "/Count")) {
+            // Warn when flattening, but not if the key is at the top level (i.e. "/Parent" not
+            // set), as we don't change these; but flattening removes intermediate /Pages nodes.
+            if (warn_skipped_keys && cur_pages.hasKey("/Parent")) {
+                warn(
+                    qpdf_e_pages,
+                    "Pages object: object " + cur_pages.id_gen().unparse(' '),
+                    0,
+                    ("Unknown key " + key +
+                     " in /Pages object is being discarded as a result of flattening the /Pages "
+                     "tree"));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Process descendant nodes. This method does not perform loop detection because all code paths
+    // that lead here follow a call to getAllPages, which already throws an exception in the event
+    // of a loop in the pages tree.
+    for (auto& kid: cur_pages.getKey("/Kids").aitems()) {
+        if (kid.isDictionaryOfType("/Pages")) {
+            pushInheritedAttributesToPageInternal(
+                kid, key_ancestors, allow_changes, warn_skipped_keys);
+        } else {
+            // Add all available inheritable attributes not present in this object to this object.
+            for (auto const& iter: key_ancestors) {
+                std::string const& key = iter.first;
+                if (!kid.hasKey(key)) {
+                    kid.replaceKey(key, iter.second.back());
+                } else {
+                    QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF opt page resource hides ancestor");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // For each inheritable key, pop the stack.  If the stack becomes empty, remove it from the map.
+    // That way, the invariant that the list of keys in key_ancestors is exactly those keys for
+    // which inheritable attributes are available.
+
+    if (!inheritable_keys.empty()) {
+        for (auto const& key: inheritable_keys) {
+            key_ancestors[key].pop_back();
+            if (key_ancestors[key].empty()) {
+                key_ancestors.erase(key);
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF opt no inheritable keys");
+    }
+}
+
+void
 Pages::insertPageobjToPage(QPDFObjectHandle const& obj, int pos, bool check_duplicate)
 {
     QPDFObjGen og(obj.getObjGen());
     if (check_duplicate) {
-        if (!m->pageobj_to_pages_pos.insert(std::make_pair(og, pos)).second) {
+        if (!pageobj_to_pages_pos.insert(std::make_pair(og, pos)).second) {
             // The library never calls insertPageobjToPage in a way that causes this to happen.
             throw QPDFExc(
                 qpdf_e_pages,
@@ -294,52 +439,51 @@ Pages::insertPageobjToPage(QPDFObjectHandle const& obj, int pos, bool check_dupl
                 "duplicate page reference found; this would cause loss of data");
         }
     } else {
-        m->pageobj_to_pages_pos[og] = pos;
+        pageobj_to_pages_pos[og] = pos;
     }
 }
 
 void
-Pages::insertPage(QPDFObjectHandle newpage, int pos)
+Pages::insert(QPDFObjectHandle newpage, int pos)
 {
     // pos is numbered from 0, so pos = 0 inserts at the beginning and pos = npages adds to the end.
 
     flattenPagesTree();
 
-    if (!newpage.isIndirect()) {
+    if (!newpage.indirect()) {
         newpage = qpdf.makeIndirectObject(newpage);
-    } else if (newpage.getOwningQPDF() != &qpdf) {
-        newpage.getQPDF().pushInheritedAttributesToPage();
+    } else if (newpage.qpdf() != &qpdf) {
+        newpage.qpdf()->pushInheritedAttributesToPage();
         newpage = qpdf.copyForeignObject(newpage);
     } else {
         QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF insert indirect page");
     }
 
-    if (pos < 0 || toS(pos) > m->all_pages.size()) {
+    if (pos < 0 || std::cmp_greater(pos, all_pages.size())) {
         throw std::runtime_error("QPDF::insertPage called with pos out of range");
     }
 
     QTC::TC(
         "qpdf",
         "QPDF insert page",
-        (pos == 0) ? 0 :                            // insert at beginning
-            (pos == toI(m->all_pages.size())) ? 1   // at end
-                                              : 2); // insert in middle
+        pos == 0 ? 0 :                        // insert at beginning
+            std::cmp_equal(pos, size()) ? 1   // at end
+                                        : 2); // insert in middle
 
-    auto og = newpage.getObjGen();
-    if (m->pageobj_to_pages_pos.contains(og)) {
-        newpage = qpdf.makeIndirectObject(QPDFObjectHandle(newpage).shallowCopy());
+    if (pageobj_to_pages_pos.contains(newpage)) {
+        newpage = qpdf.makeIndirectObject(newpage.copy());
     }
 
-    QPDFObjectHandle pages = qpdf.getRoot().getKey("/Pages");
-    QPDFObjectHandle kids = pages.getKey("/Kids");
+    auto pages = qpdf.getRoot()["/Pages"];
+    Array kids = pages["/Kids"];
 
     newpage.replaceKey("/Parent", pages);
-    kids.insertItem(pos, newpage);
-    int npages = static_cast<int>(kids.size());
-    pages.replaceKey("/Count", QPDFObjectHandle::newInteger(npages));
-    m->all_pages.insert(m->all_pages.begin() + pos, newpage);
-    for (int i = pos + 1; i < npages; ++i) {
-        insertPageobjToPage(m->all_pages.at(toS(i)), i, false);
+    kids.insert(pos, newpage);
+    size_t npages = kids.size();
+    pages.replaceKey("/Count", Integer(npages));
+    all_pages.insert(all_pages.begin() + pos, newpage);
+    for (size_t i = static_cast<size_t>(pos) + 1; i < npages; ++i) {
+        insertPageobjToPage(all_pages.at(i), static_cast<int>(i), false);
     }
     insertPageobjToPage(newpage, pos, true);
 }
@@ -347,24 +491,30 @@ Pages::insertPage(QPDFObjectHandle newpage, int pos)
 void
 QPDF::removePage(QPDFObjectHandle page)
 {
-    int pos = findPage(page); // also ensures flat /Pages
+    m->pages.erase(page);
+}
+
+void
+Pages::erase(QPDFObjectHandle& page)
+{
+    int pos = qpdf.findPage(page); // also ensures flat /Pages
     QTC::TC(
         "qpdf",
         "QPDF remove page",
-        (pos == 0) ? 0 :                                // remove at beginning
-            (pos == toI(m->all_pages.size() - 1)) ? 1   // end
-                                                  : 2); // remove in middle
+        (pos == 0) ? 0 :                             // remove at beginning
+            (pos == toI(all_pages.size() - 1)) ? 1   // end
+                                               : 2); // remove in middle
 
-    QPDFObjectHandle pages = getRoot().getKey("/Pages");
+    QPDFObjectHandle pages = qpdf.getRoot().getKey("/Pages");
     QPDFObjectHandle kids = pages.getKey("/Kids");
 
     kids.eraseItem(pos);
     int npages = static_cast<int>(kids.size());
     pages.replaceKey("/Count", QPDFObjectHandle::newInteger(npages));
-    m->all_pages.erase(m->all_pages.begin() + pos);
-    m->pageobj_to_pages_pos.erase(page.getObjGen());
+    all_pages.erase(all_pages.begin() + pos);
+    pageobj_to_pages_pos.erase(page.getObjGen());
     for (int i = pos; i < npages; ++i) {
-        m->pages.insertPageobjToPage(m->all_pages.at(toS(i)), i, false);
+        m->pages.insertPageobjToPage(all_pages.at(toS(i)), i, false);
     }
 }
 
@@ -375,17 +525,16 @@ QPDF::addPageAt(QPDFObjectHandle newpage, bool before, QPDFObjectHandle refpage)
     if (!before) {
         ++refpos;
     }
-    m->pages.insertPage(newpage, refpos);
+    m->pages.insert(newpage, refpos);
 }
 
 void
 QPDF::addPage(QPDFObjectHandle newpage, bool first)
 {
     if (first) {
-        m->pages.insertPage(newpage, 0);
+        m->pages.insert(newpage, 0);
     } else {
-        m->pages.insertPage(
-            newpage, getRoot().getKey("/Pages").getKey("/Count").getIntValueAsInt());
+        m->pages.insert(newpage, getRoot()["/Pages"]["/Count"].getIntValueAsInt());
     }
 }
 
@@ -398,9 +547,15 @@ QPDF::findPage(QPDFObjectHandle& page)
 int
 QPDF::findPage(QPDFObjGen og)
 {
-    m->pages.flattenPagesTree();
-    auto it = m->pageobj_to_pages_pos.find(og);
-    if (it == m->pageobj_to_pages_pos.end()) {
+    return m->pages.find(og);
+}
+
+int
+Pages::find(QPDFObjGen og)
+{
+    flattenPagesTree();
+    auto it = pageobj_to_pages_pos.find(og);
+    if (it == pageobj_to_pages_pos.end()) {
         throw QPDFExc(
             qpdf_e_pages,
             m->file->getName(),
@@ -410,3 +565,168 @@ QPDF::findPage(QPDFObjGen og)
     }
     return (*it).second;
 }
+
+class QPDFPageDocumentHelper::Members
+{
+};
+
+QPDFPageDocumentHelper::QPDFPageDocumentHelper(QPDF& qpdf) :
+    QPDFDocumentHelper(qpdf)
+{
+}
+
+QPDFPageDocumentHelper&
+QPDFPageDocumentHelper::get(QPDF& qpdf)
+{
+    return qpdf.doc().page_dh();
+}
+
+void
+QPDFPageDocumentHelper::validate(bool repair)
+{
+}
+
+std::vector<QPDFPageObjectHelper>
+QPDFPageDocumentHelper::getAllPages()
+{
+    auto& pp = qpdf.doc().pages();
+    return {pp.begin(), pp.end()};
+}
+
+void
+QPDFPageDocumentHelper::pushInheritedAttributesToPage()
+{
+    qpdf.pushInheritedAttributesToPage();
+}
+
+void
+QPDFPageDocumentHelper::removeUnreferencedResources()
+{
+    for (auto& ph: getAllPages()) {
+        ph.removeUnreferencedResources();
+    }
+}
+
+void
+QPDFPageDocumentHelper::addPage(QPDFPageObjectHelper newpage, bool first)
+{
+    qpdf.doc().pages().insert(newpage, first ? 0 : qpdf.doc().pages().size());
+}
+
+void
+QPDFPageDocumentHelper::addPageAt(
+    QPDFPageObjectHelper newpage, bool before, QPDFPageObjectHelper refpage)
+{
+    qpdf.addPageAt(newpage.getObjectHandle(), before, refpage.getObjectHandle());
+}
+
+void
+QPDFPageDocumentHelper::removePage(QPDFPageObjectHelper page)
+{
+    qpdf.removePage(page.getObjectHandle());
+}
+
+void
+QPDFPageDocumentHelper::flattenAnnotations(int required_flags, int forbidden_flags)
+{
+    qpdf.doc().pages().flatten_annotations(required_flags, forbidden_flags);
+}
+
+void
+Pages::flatten_annotations(int required_flags, int forbidden_flags)
+{
+    auto& afdh = qpdf.doc().acroform();
+    if (afdh.getNeedAppearances()) {
+        qpdf.getRoot()
+            .getKey("/AcroForm")
+            .warn(
+                "document does not have updated appearance streams, so form fields "
+                "will not be flattened");
+    }
+    for (QPDFPageObjectHelper ph: all()) {
+        QPDFObjectHandle resources = ph.getAttribute("/Resources", true);
+        if (!resources.isDictionary()) {
+            // As of #1521, this should be impossible unless a user inserted an invalid page.
+            resources = ph.getObjectHandle().replaceKeyAndGetNew("/Resources", Dictionary::empty());
+        }
+        flatten_annotations_for_page(ph, resources, afdh, required_flags, forbidden_flags);
+    }
+    if (!afdh.getNeedAppearances()) {
+        qpdf.getRoot().removeKey("/AcroForm");
+    }
+}
+
+void
+Pages::flatten_annotations_for_page(
+    QPDFPageObjectHelper& page,
+    QPDFObjectHandle& resources,
+    QPDFAcroFormDocumentHelper& afdh,
+    int required_flags,
+    int forbidden_flags)
+{
+    bool need_appearances = afdh.getNeedAppearances();
+    std::vector<QPDFAnnotationObjectHelper> annots = page.getAnnotations();
+    std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> new_annots;
+    std::string new_content;
+    int rotate = 0;
+    QPDFObjectHandle rotate_obj = page.getObjectHandle().getKey("/Rotate");
+    if (rotate_obj.isInteger() && rotate_obj.getIntValue()) {
+        rotate = rotate_obj.getIntValueAsInt();
+    }
+    int next_fx = 1;
+    for (auto& aoh: annots) {
+        QPDFObjectHandle as = aoh.getAppearanceStream("/N");
+        bool is_widget = (aoh.getSubtype() == "/Widget");
+        bool process = true;
+        if (need_appearances && is_widget) {
+            process = false;
+        }
+        if (process && as.isStream()) {
+            if (is_widget) {
+                QPDFFormFieldObjectHelper ff = afdh.getFieldForAnnotation(aoh);
+                QPDFObjectHandle as_resources = as.getDict().getKey("/Resources");
+                if (as_resources.isIndirect()) {
+                    ;
+                    as.getDict().replaceKey("/Resources", as_resources.shallowCopy());
+                    as_resources = as.getDict().getKey("/Resources");
+                }
+                as_resources.mergeResources(ff.getDefaultResources());
+            } else {
+                QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDFPageDocumentHelper non-widget annotation");
+            }
+            std::string name = resources.getUniqueResourceName("/Fxo", next_fx);
+            std::string content =
+                aoh.getPageContentForAppearance(name, rotate, required_flags, forbidden_flags);
+            if (!content.empty()) {
+                resources.mergeResources("<< /XObject << >> >>"_qpdf);
+                resources.getKey("/XObject").replaceKey(name, as);
+                ++next_fx;
+            }
+            new_content += content;
+        } else if (process && !aoh.getAppearanceDictionary().null()) {
+            // If an annotation has no selected appearance stream, just drop the annotation when
+            // flattening. This can happen for unchecked checkboxes and radio buttons, popup windows
+            // associated with comments that aren't visible, and other types of annotations that
+            // aren't visible. Annotations that have no appearance streams at all, such as Link,
+            // Popup, and Projection, should be preserved.
+        } else {
+            new_annots.push_back(aoh.getObjectHandle());
+        }
+    }
+    if (new_annots.size() != annots.size()) {
+        QPDFObjectHandle page_oh = page.getObjectHandle();
+        if (new_annots.empty()) {
+            page_oh.removeKey("/Annots");
+        } else {
+            QPDFObjectHandle old_annots = page_oh.getKey("/Annots");
+            QPDFObjectHandle new_annots_oh = QPDFObjectHandle::newArray(new_annots);
+            if (old_annots.isIndirect()) {
+                qpdf.replaceObject(old_annots.getObjGen(), new_annots_oh);
+            } else {
+                page_oh.replaceKey("/Annots", new_annots_oh);
+            }
+        }
+        page.addPageContents(qpdf.newStream("q\n"), true);
+        page.addPageContents(qpdf.newStream("\nQ\n" + new_content), false);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/libqpdf/qpdf-c.cc b/libqpdf/qpdf-c.cc
index a491218..5740cba 100644
--- a/libqpdf/qpdf-c.cc
+++ b/libqpdf/qpdf-c.cc
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #include <qpdf/qpdf-c.h>
 
-#include <qpdf/QPDF.hh>
+#include <qpdf/QPDF_private.hh>
 
 #include <qpdf/BufferInputSource.hh>
 #include <qpdf/Pl_Buffer.hh>
@@ -1804,10 +1804,9 @@ qpdf_oh_replace_stream_data(
 int
 qpdf_get_num_pages(qpdf_data qpdf)
 {
-    QTC::TC("qpdf", "qpdf-c called qpdf_num_pages");
     int n = -1;
     QPDF_ERROR_CODE code =
-        trap_errors(qpdf, [&n](qpdf_data q) { n = QIntC::to_int(q->qpdf->getAllPages().size()); });
+        trap_errors(qpdf, [&n](qpdf_data q) { n = QIntC::to_int(q->qpdf->doc().pages().size()); });
     if (code & QPDF_ERRORS) {
         return -1;
     }
@@ -1817,10 +1816,10 @@ qpdf_get_num_pages(qpdf_data qpdf)
 qpdf_oh
 qpdf_get_page_n(qpdf_data qpdf, size_t i)
 {
-    QTC::TC("qpdf", "qpdf-c called qpdf_get_page_n");
     qpdf_oh result = 0;
-    QPDF_ERROR_CODE code = trap_errors(
-        qpdf, [&result, i](qpdf_data q) { result = new_object(q, q->qpdf->getAllPages().at(i)); });
+    QPDF_ERROR_CODE code = trap_errors(qpdf, [&result, i](qpdf_data q) {
+        result = new_object(q, q->qpdf->doc().pages().all().at(i));
+    });
     if ((code & QPDF_ERRORS) || (result == 0)) {
         return qpdf_oh_new_uninitialized(qpdf);
     }
diff --git a/libqpdf/qpdf/QPDFObjectHandle_private.hh b/libqpdf/qpdf/QPDFObjectHandle_private.hh
index 6cf3424..3e82bca 100644
--- a/libqpdf/qpdf/QPDFObjectHandle_private.hh
+++ b/libqpdf/qpdf/QPDFObjectHandle_private.hh
@@ -305,10 +305,10 @@ namespace qpdf
         explicit Integer(std::integral auto value) :
             Integer(static_cast<long long>(value))
         {
-            if constexpr (
-                std::numeric_limits<decltype(value)>::max() >
-                std::numeric_limits<long long>::max()) {
-                if (value > std::numeric_limits<long long>::max()) {
+            if constexpr (std::cmp_greater(
+                              std::numeric_limits<decltype(value)>::max(),
+                              std::numeric_limits<long long>::max())) {
+                if (std::cmp_greater(value, std::numeric_limits<long long>::max())) {
                     throw std::overflow_error("overflow constructing Integer");
                 }
             }
diff --git a/libqpdf/qpdf/QPDF_private.hh b/libqpdf/qpdf/QPDF_private.hh
index 5c15132..ed426aa 100644
--- a/libqpdf/qpdf/QPDF_private.hh
+++ b/libqpdf/qpdf/QPDF_private.hh
@@ -295,491 +295,65 @@ class QPDF::PatternFinder final: public InputSource::Finder
 class QPDF::Doc
 {
   public:
+    class Encryption;
     class JobSetter;
+    class Linearization;
+    class Objects;
+    class Pages;
     class ParseGuard;
     class Resolver;
     class Writer;
 
-    class Encryption
+    // This is the common base-class for all document components. It is used by the other document
+    // components to access common functionality. It is not meant to be used directly by the user.
+    class Common
     {
       public:
-        // This class holds data read from the encryption dictionary.
-        Encryption(
-            int V,
-            int R,
-            int Length_bytes,
-            int P,
-            std::string const& O,
-            std::string const& U,
-            std::string const& OE,
-            std::string const& UE,
-            std::string const& Perms,
-            std::string const& id1,
-            bool encrypt_metadata) :
-            V(V),
-            R(R),
-            Length_bytes(Length_bytes),
-            P(static_cast<unsigned long long>(P)),
-            O(O),
-            U(U),
-            OE(OE),
-            UE(UE),
-            Perms(Perms),
-            id1(id1),
-            encrypt_metadata(encrypt_metadata)
-        {
-        }
-        Encryption(int V, int R, int Length_bytes, bool encrypt_metadata) :
-            V(V),
-            R(R),
-            Length_bytes(Length_bytes),
-            encrypt_metadata(encrypt_metadata)
-        {
-        }
-
-        int getV() const;
-        int getR() const;
-        int getLengthBytes() const;
-        int getP() const;
-        //  Bits in P are numbered from 1 as in the PDF spec.
-        bool getP(size_t bit) const;
-        std::string const& getO() const;
-        std::string const& getU() const;
-        std::string const& getOE() const;
-        std::string const& getUE() const;
-        std::string const& getPerms() const;
-        std::string const& getId1() const;
-        bool getEncryptMetadata() const;
-        //  Bits in P are numbered from 1 as in the PDF spec.
-        void setP(size_t bit, bool val);
-        void setP(unsigned long val);
-        void setO(std::string const&);
-        void setU(std::string const&);
-        void setId1(std::string const& val);
-        void setV5EncryptionParameters(
-            std::string const& O,
-            std::string const& OE,
-            std::string const& U,
-            std::string const& UE,
-            std::string const& Perms);
-
-        std::string compute_encryption_key(std::string const& password) const;
-
-        bool
-        check_owner_password(std::string& user_password, std::string const& owner_password) const;
-
-        bool check_user_password(std::string const& user_password) const;
-
-        std::string
-        recover_encryption_key_with_password(std::string const& password, bool& perms_valid) const;
-
-        void compute_encryption_O_U(char const* user_password, char const* owner_password);
-
-        std::string
-        compute_encryption_parameters_V5(char const* user_password, char const* owner_password);
-
-        std::string compute_parameters(char const* user_password, char const* owner_password);
+        Common() = delete;
+        Common(Common const&) = default;
+        Common(Common&&) = delete;
+        Common& operator=(Common const&) = delete;
+        Common& operator=(Common&&) = delete;
+        ~Common() = default;
+
+        inline Common(QPDF& qpdf, QPDF::Members* m);
+
+        void stopOnError(std::string const& message);
+        void warn(QPDFExc const& e);
+        void warn(
+            qpdf_error_code_e error_code,
+            std::string const& object,
+            qpdf_offset_t offset,
+            std::string const& message);
 
-      private:
-        static constexpr unsigned int OU_key_bytes_V4 = 16; // ( == sizeof(MD5::Digest)
-
-        Encryption(Encryption const&) = delete;
-        Encryption& operator=(Encryption const&) = delete;
-
-        std::string hash_V5(
-            std::string const& password, std::string const& salt, std::string const& udata) const;
-        std::string
-        compute_O_value(std::string const& user_password, std::string const& owner_password) const;
-        std::string compute_U_value(std::string const& user_password) const;
-        std::string compute_encryption_key_from_password(std::string const& password) const;
-        std::string recover_encryption_key_with_password(std::string const& password) const;
-        bool check_owner_password_V4(
-            std::string& user_password, std::string const& owner_password) const;
-        bool check_owner_password_V5(std::string const& owner_passworda) const;
-        std::string compute_Perms_value_V5_clear() const;
-        std::string compute_O_rc4_key(
-            std::string const& user_password, std::string const& owner_password) const;
-        std::string compute_U_value_R2(std::string const& user_password) const;
-        std::string compute_U_value_R3(std::string const& user_password) const;
-        bool check_user_password_V4(std::string const& user_password) const;
-        bool check_user_password_V5(std::string const& user_password) const;
-
-        int V;
-        int R;
-        int Length_bytes;
-        std::bitset<32> P{0xfffffffc}; // Specification always requires bits 1 and 2 to be cleared.
-        std::string O;
-        std::string U;
-        std::string OE;
-        std::string UE;
-        std::string Perms;
-        std::string id1;
-        bool encrypt_metadata;
-    }; // class QPDF::Doc::Encryption
-
-    class Linearization
-    {
-      public:
-        Linearization() = delete;
-        Linearization(Linearization const&) = delete;
-        Linearization(Linearization&&) = delete;
-        Linearization& operator=(Linearization const&) = delete;
-        Linearization& operator=(Linearization&&) = delete;
-        ~Linearization() = default;
-
-        Linearization(QPDF& qpdf, QPDF::Members* m) :
-            qpdf(qpdf),
-            m(m)
-        {
-        }
+        static QPDFExc damagedPDF(
+            InputSource& input,
+            std::string const& object,
+            qpdf_offset_t offset,
+            std::string const& message);
+        QPDFExc
+        damagedPDF(InputSource& input, qpdf_offset_t offset, std::string const& message) const;
+        QPDFExc damagedPDF(
+            std::string const& object, qpdf_offset_t offset, std::string const& message) const;
+        QPDFExc damagedPDF(std::string const& object, std::string const& message) const;
+        QPDFExc damagedPDF(qpdf_offset_t offset, std::string const& message) const;
+        QPDFExc damagedPDF(std::string const& message) const;
 
-        // For QPDFWriter:
-
-        template <typename T>
-        void optimize_internal(
-            T const& object_stream_data,
-            bool allow_changes = true,
-            std::function<int(QPDFObjectHandle&)> skip_stream_parameters = nullptr);
-        void optimize(
-            QPDFWriter::ObjTable const& obj,
-            std::function<int(QPDFObjectHandle&)> skip_stream_parameters);
-
-        // Get lists of all objects in order according to the part of a linearized file that they
-        // belong to.
-        void getLinearizedParts(
-            QPDFWriter::ObjTable const& obj,
-            std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>& part4,
-            std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>& part6,
-            std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>& part7,
-            std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>& part8,
-            std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>& part9);
-
-        void generateHintStream(
-            QPDFWriter::NewObjTable const& new_obj,
-            QPDFWriter::ObjTable const& obj,
-            std::string& hint_stream,
-            int& S,
-            int& O,
-            bool compressed);
-
-        // methods to support linearization checking -- implemented in QPDF_linearization.cc
-
-        void readLinearizationData();
-        void checkLinearizationInternal();
-        void dumpLinearizationDataInternal();
-        void linearizationWarning(std::string_view);
-        qpdf::Dictionary readHintStream(Pipeline&, qpdf_offset_t offset, size_t length);
-        void readHPageOffset(BitStream);
-        void readHSharedObject(BitStream);
-        void readHGeneric(BitStream, HGeneric&);
-        qpdf_offset_t maxEnd(ObjUser const& ou);
-        qpdf_offset_t getLinearizationOffset(QPDFObjGen);
-        QPDFObjectHandle
-        getUncompressedObject(QPDFObjectHandle&, std::map<int, int> const& object_stream_data);
-        QPDFObjectHandle getUncompressedObject(QPDFObjectHandle&, QPDFWriter::ObjTable const& obj);
-        int lengthNextN(int first_object, int n);
-        void checkHPageOffset(
-            std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> const& pages, std::map<int, int>& idx_to_obj);
-        void checkHSharedObject(
-            std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> const& pages, std::map<int, int>& idx_to_obj);
-        void checkHOutlines();
-        void dumpHPageOffset();
-        void dumpHSharedObject();
-        void dumpHGeneric(HGeneric&);
-        qpdf_offset_t adjusted_offset(qpdf_offset_t offset);
-        template <typename T>
-        void calculateLinearizationData(T const& object_stream_data);
-        template <typename T>
-        void pushOutlinesToPart(
-            std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>& part,
-            std::set<QPDFObjGen>& lc_outlines,
-            T const& object_stream_data);
-        int outputLengthNextN(
-            int in_object,
-            int n,
-            QPDFWriter::NewObjTable const& new_obj,
-            QPDFWriter::ObjTable const& obj);
-        void calculateHPageOffset(
-            QPDFWriter::NewObjTable const& new_obj, QPDFWriter::ObjTable const& obj);
-        void calculateHSharedObject(
-            QPDFWriter::NewObjTable const& new_obj, QPDFWriter::ObjTable const& obj);
         void
-        calculateHOutline(QPDFWriter::NewObjTable const& new_obj, QPDFWriter::ObjTable const& obj);
-        void writeHPageOffset(BitWriter&);
-        void writeHSharedObject(BitWriter&);
-        void writeHGeneric(BitWriter&, HGeneric&);
-
-        // Methods to support optimization
-
-        void updateObjectMaps(
-            ObjUser const& ou,
-            QPDFObjectHandle oh,
-            std::function<int(QPDFObjectHandle&)> skip_stream_parameters);
-        void filterCompressedObjects(std::map<int, int> const& object_stream_data);
-        void filterCompressedObjects(QPDFWriter::ObjTable const& object_stream_data);
-
-      private:
-        QPDF& qpdf;
-        QPDF::Members* m;
-    };
-
-    class Objects
-    {
-      public:
-        class Foreign
+        no_ci_stop_if(
+            bool condition, std::string const& message, std::string const& context = {}) const
         {
-            class Copier
-            {
-              public:
-                Copier(QPDF& qpdf) :
-                    qpdf(qpdf)
-                {
-                }
-
-                QPDFObjectHandle copied(QPDFObjectHandle const& foreign);
-
-              private:
-                QPDFObjectHandle
-                replace_indirect_object(QPDFObjectHandle const& foreign, bool top = false);
-                void reserve_objects(QPDFObjectHandle const& foreign, bool top = false);
-
-                QPDF& qpdf;
-                std::map<QPDFObjGen, QPDFObjectHandle> object_map;
-                std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> to_copy;
-                QPDFObjGen::set visiting;
-            };
-
-          public:
-            Foreign(QPDF& qpdf) :
-                qpdf(qpdf)
-            {
-            }
-
-            Foreign() = delete;
-            Foreign(Foreign const&) = delete;
-            Foreign(Foreign&&) = delete;
-            Foreign& operator=(Foreign const&) = delete;
-            Foreign& operator=(Foreign&&) = delete;
-            ~Foreign() = default;
-
-            // Return a local handle to the foreign object. Copy the foreign object if necessary.
-            QPDFObjectHandle
-            copied(QPDFObjectHandle const& foreign)
-            {
-                return copier(foreign).copied(foreign);
+            if (condition) {
+                throw damagedPDF(context, message);
             }
-
-          private:
-            Copier& copier(QPDFObjectHandle const& foreign);
-
-            QPDF& qpdf;
-            std::map<unsigned long long, Copier> copiers;
-        }; // class QPDF::Doc::Objects::Foreign
-
-        class Streams
-        {
-            // Copier manages the copying of streams into this PDF. It is used both for copying
-            // local and foreign streams.
-            class Copier;
-
-          public:
-            Streams(QPDF& qpdf);
-
-            Streams() = delete;
-            Streams(Streams const&) = delete;
-            Streams(Streams&&) = delete;
-            Streams& operator=(Streams const&) = delete;
-            Streams& operator=(Streams&&) = delete;
-            ~Streams() = default;
-
-          public:
-            static bool
-            pipeStreamData(
-                QPDF* qpdf,
-                QPDFObjGen og,
-                qpdf_offset_t offset,
-                size_t length,
-                QPDFObjectHandle dict,
-                bool is_root_metadata,
-                Pipeline* pipeline,
-                bool suppress_warnings,
-                bool will_retry)
-            {
-                return qpdf->pipeStreamData(
-                    og,
-                    offset,
-                    length,
-                    dict,
-                    is_root_metadata,
-                    pipeline,
-                    suppress_warnings,
-                    will_retry);
-            }
-
-            QPDF&
-            qpdf() const
-            {
-                return qpdf_;
-            }
-
-            std::shared_ptr<Copier>&
-            copier()
-            {
-                return copier_;
-            }
-
-            bool immediate_copy_from() const;
-
-          private:
-            QPDF& qpdf_;
-
-            std::shared_ptr<Copier> copier_;
-        }; // class QPDF::Doc::Objects::Streams
-
-      public:
-        Objects() = delete;
-        Objects(Objects const&) = delete;
-        Objects(Objects&&) = delete;
-        Objects& operator=(Objects const&) = delete;
-        Objects& operator=(Objects&&) = delete;
-        ~Objects() = default;
-
-        Objects(QPDF& qpdf, QPDF::Members* m) :
-            qpdf(qpdf),
-            m(m),
-            foreign_(qpdf),
-            streams_(qpdf)
-        {
-        }
-
-        Foreign&
-        foreign()
-        {
-            return foreign_;
-        }
-
-        Streams&
-        streams()
-        {
-            return streams_;
         }
 
-        void parse(char const* password);
-        std::shared_ptr<QPDFObject> const& resolve(QPDFObjGen og);
-        void inParse(bool);
-        QPDFObjGen nextObjGen();
-        QPDFObjectHandle newIndirect(QPDFObjGen, std::shared_ptr<QPDFObject> const&);
-        void updateCache(
-            QPDFObjGen og,
-            std::shared_ptr<QPDFObject> const& object,
-            qpdf_offset_t end_before_space,
-            qpdf_offset_t end_after_space,
-            bool destroy = true);
-        bool resolveXRefTable();
-        QPDFObjectHandle readObjectAtOffset(
-            qpdf_offset_t offset, std::string const& description, bool skip_cache_if_in_xref);
-        QPDFTokenizer::Token readToken(InputSource& input, size_t max_len = 0);
-        QPDFObjectHandle makeIndirectFromQPDFObject(std::shared_ptr<QPDFObject> const& obj);
-        std::shared_ptr<QPDFObject> getObjectForParser(int id, int gen, bool parse_pdf);
-        std::shared_ptr<QPDFObject> getObjectForJSON(int id, int gen);
-        size_t tableSize();
-
-        // For QPDFWriter:
-
-        std::map<QPDFObjGen, QPDFXRefEntry> const& getXRefTableInternal();
-        // Get a list of objects that would be permitted in an object stream.
-        template <typename T>
-        std::vector<T> getCompressibleObjGens();
-        std::vector<QPDFObjGen> getCompressibleObjVector();
-        std::vector<bool> getCompressibleObjSet();
-
-      private:
-        void setTrailer(QPDFObjectHandle obj);
-        void reconstruct_xref(QPDFExc& e, bool found_startxref = true);
-        void read_xref(qpdf_offset_t offset, bool in_stream_recovery = false);
-        bool parse_xrefFirst(std::string const& line, int& obj, int& num, int& bytes);
-        bool read_xrefEntry(qpdf_offset_t& f1, int& f2, char& type);
-        bool read_bad_xrefEntry(qpdf_offset_t& f1, int& f2, char& type);
-        qpdf_offset_t read_xrefTable(qpdf_offset_t offset);
-        qpdf_offset_t read_xrefStream(qpdf_offset_t offset, bool in_stream_recovery = false);
-        qpdf_offset_t processXRefStream(
-            qpdf_offset_t offset, QPDFObjectHandle& xref_stream, bool in_stream_recovery = false);
-        std::pair<int, std::array<int, 3>>
-        processXRefW(QPDFObjectHandle& dict, std::function<QPDFExc(std::string_view)> damaged);
-        int processXRefSize(
-            QPDFObjectHandle& dict,
-            int entry_size,
-            std::function<QPDFExc(std::string_view)> damaged);
-        std::pair<int, std::vector<std::pair<int, int>>> processXRefIndex(
-            QPDFObjectHandle& dict,
-            int max_num_entries,
-            std::function<QPDFExc(std::string_view)> damaged);
-        void insertXrefEntry(int obj, int f0, qpdf_offset_t f1, int f2);
-        void insertFreeXrefEntry(QPDFObjGen);
-        QPDFObjectHandle readTrailer();
-        QPDFObjectHandle readObject(std::string const& description, QPDFObjGen og);
-        void readStream(QPDFObjectHandle& object, QPDFObjGen og, qpdf_offset_t offset);
-        void validateStreamLineEnd(QPDFObjectHandle& object, QPDFObjGen og, qpdf_offset_t offset);
-        QPDFObjectHandle
-        readObjectInStream(qpdf::is::OffsetBuffer& input, int stream_id, int obj_id);
-        size_t recoverStreamLength(
-            std::shared_ptr<InputSource> input, QPDFObjGen og, qpdf_offset_t stream_offset);
-
-        QPDFObjGen read_object_start(qpdf_offset_t offset);
-        void readObjectAtOffset(
-            bool attempt_recovery,
-            qpdf_offset_t offset,
-            std::string const& description,
-            QPDFObjGen exp_og);
-        void resolveObjectsInStream(int obj_stream_number);
-        bool isCached(QPDFObjGen og);
-        bool isUnresolved(QPDFObjGen og);
-        void setLastObjectDescription(std::string const& description, QPDFObjGen og);
-
+      protected:
         QPDF& qpdf;
         QPDF::Members* m;
 
-        Foreign foreign_;
-        Streams streams_;
-    }; // class QPDF::Doc::Objects
-
-    // This class is used to represent a PDF Pages tree.
-    class Pages
-    {
-      public:
-        Pages() = delete;
-        Pages(Pages const&) = delete;
-        Pages(Pages&&) = delete;
-        Pages& operator=(Pages const&) = delete;
-        Pages& operator=(Pages&&) = delete;
-        ~Pages() = default;
-
-        Pages(QPDF& qpdf, QPDF::Members* m) :
-            qpdf(qpdf),
-            m(m)
-        {
-        }
-
-        void getAllPagesInternal(
-            QPDFObjectHandle cur_pages,
-            QPDFObjGen::set& visited,
-            QPDFObjGen::set& seen,
-            bool media_box,
-            bool resources);
-        void insertPage(QPDFObjectHandle newpage, int pos);
-        void flattenPagesTree();
-        void insertPageobjToPage(QPDFObjectHandle const& obj, int pos, bool check_duplicate);
-        void pushInheritedAttributesToPage(bool allow_changes, bool warn_skipped_keys);
-        void pushInheritedAttributesToPageInternal(
-            QPDFObjectHandle,
-            std::map<std::string, std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>>&,
-            bool allow_changes,
-            bool warn_skipped_keys);
-
-      private:
-        QPDF& qpdf;
-        QPDF::Members* m;
-    }; // class QPDF::Doc::Pages
+        QPDF::Doc::Pages& pages;
+    };
 
     Doc() = delete;
     Doc(Doc const&) = delete;
@@ -788,32 +362,17 @@ class QPDF::Doc
     Doc& operator=(Doc&&) = delete;
     ~Doc() = default;
 
-    Doc(QPDF& qpdf, QPDF::Members& m) :
+    Doc(QPDF& qpdf, QPDF::Members* m) :
         qpdf(qpdf),
-        m(m),
-        lin_(qpdf, &m),
-        objects_(qpdf, &m),
-        pages_(qpdf, &m)
+        m(m)
     {
     }
 
-    Linearization&
-    linearization()
-    {
-        return lin_;
-    };
+    inline Linearization& linearization();
 
-    Objects&
-    objects()
-    {
-        return objects_;
-    };
+    inline Objects& objects();
 
-    Pages&
-    pages()
-    {
-        return pages_;
-    }
+    inline Pages& pages();
 
     bool reconstructed_xref() const;
 
@@ -864,11 +423,7 @@ class QPDF::Doc
 
   private:
     QPDF& qpdf;
-    QPDF::Members& m;
-
-    Linearization lin_;
-    Objects objects_;
-    Pages pages_;
+    QPDF::Members* m;
 
     // Document Helpers;
     std::unique_ptr<QPDFAcroFormDocumentHelper> acroform_;
@@ -878,7 +433,528 @@ class QPDF::Doc
     std::unique_ptr<QPDFPageLabelDocumentHelper> page_labels_;
 };
 
-class QPDF::Members
+class QPDF::Doc::Encryption
+{
+  public:
+    // This class holds data read from the encryption dictionary.
+    Encryption(
+        int V,
+        int R,
+        int Length_bytes,
+        int P,
+        std::string const& O,
+        std::string const& U,
+        std::string const& OE,
+        std::string const& UE,
+        std::string const& Perms,
+        std::string const& id1,
+        bool encrypt_metadata) :
+        V(V),
+        R(R),
+        Length_bytes(Length_bytes),
+        P(static_cast<unsigned long long>(P)),
+        O(O),
+        U(U),
+        OE(OE),
+        UE(UE),
+        Perms(Perms),
+        id1(id1),
+        encrypt_metadata(encrypt_metadata)
+    {
+    }
+    Encryption(int V, int R, int Length_bytes, bool encrypt_metadata) :
+        V(V),
+        R(R),
+        Length_bytes(Length_bytes),
+        encrypt_metadata(encrypt_metadata)
+    {
+    }
+
+    int getV() const;
+    int getR() const;
+    int getLengthBytes() const;
+    int getP() const;
+    //  Bits in P are numbered from 1 as in the PDF spec.
+    bool getP(size_t bit) const;
+    std::string const& getO() const;
+    std::string const& getU() const;
+    std::string const& getOE() const;
+    std::string const& getUE() const;
+    std::string const& getPerms() const;
+    std::string const& getId1() const;
+    bool getEncryptMetadata() const;
+    //  Bits in P are numbered from 1 as in the PDF spec.
+    void setP(size_t bit, bool val);
+    void setP(unsigned long val);
+    void setO(std::string const&);
+    void setU(std::string const&);
+    void setId1(std::string const& val);
+    void setV5EncryptionParameters(
+        std::string const& O,
+        std::string const& OE,
+        std::string const& U,
+        std::string const& UE,
+        std::string const& Perms);
+
+    std::string compute_encryption_key(std::string const& password) const;
+
+    bool check_owner_password(std::string& user_password, std::string const& owner_password) const;
+
+    bool check_user_password(std::string const& user_password) const;
+
+    std::string
+    recover_encryption_key_with_password(std::string const& password, bool& perms_valid) const;
+
+    void compute_encryption_O_U(char const* user_password, char const* owner_password);
+
+    std::string
+    compute_encryption_parameters_V5(char const* user_password, char const* owner_password);
+
+    std::string compute_parameters(char const* user_password, char const* owner_password);
+
+  private:
+    static constexpr unsigned int OU_key_bytes_V4 = 16; // ( == sizeof(MD5::Digest)
+
+    Encryption(Encryption const&) = delete;
+    Encryption& operator=(Encryption const&) = delete;
+
+    std::string
+    hash_V5(std::string const& password, std::string const& salt, std::string const& udata) const;
+    std::string
+    compute_O_value(std::string const& user_password, std::string const& owner_password) const;
+    std::string compute_U_value(std::string const& user_password) const;
+    std::string compute_encryption_key_from_password(std::string const& password) const;
+    std::string recover_encryption_key_with_password(std::string const& password) const;
+    bool
+    check_owner_password_V4(std::string& user_password, std::string const& owner_password) const;
+    bool check_owner_password_V5(std::string const& owner_passworda) const;
+    std::string compute_Perms_value_V5_clear() const;
+    std::string
+    compute_O_rc4_key(std::string const& user_password, std::string const& owner_password) const;
+    std::string compute_U_value_R2(std::string const& user_password) const;
+    std::string compute_U_value_R3(std::string const& user_password) const;
+    bool check_user_password_V4(std::string const& user_password) const;
+    bool check_user_password_V5(std::string const& user_password) const;
+
+    int V;
+    int R;
+    int Length_bytes;
+    std::bitset<32> P{0xfffffffc}; // Specification always requires bits 1 and 2 to be cleared.
+    std::string O;
+    std::string U;
+    std::string OE;
+    std::string UE;
+    std::string Perms;
+    std::string id1;
+    bool encrypt_metadata;
+}; // class QPDF::Doc::Encryption
+
+class QPDF::Doc::Linearization: Common
+{
+  public:
+    Linearization() = delete;
+    Linearization(Linearization const&) = delete;
+    Linearization(Linearization&&) = delete;
+    Linearization& operator=(Linearization const&) = delete;
+    Linearization& operator=(Linearization&&) = delete;
+    ~Linearization() = default;
+
+    Linearization(Doc& doc) :
+        Common(doc.qpdf, doc.m)
+    {
+    }
+
+    // For QPDFWriter:
+
+    template <typename T>
+    void optimize_internal(
+        T const& object_stream_data,
+        bool allow_changes = true,
+        std::function<int(QPDFObjectHandle&)> skip_stream_parameters = nullptr);
+    void optimize(
+        QPDFWriter::ObjTable const& obj,
+        std::function<int(QPDFObjectHandle&)> skip_stream_parameters);
+
+    // Get lists of all objects in order according to the part of a linearized file that they
+    // belong to.
+    void getLinearizedParts(
+        QPDFWriter::ObjTable const& obj,
+        std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>& part4,
+        std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>& part6,
+        std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>& part7,
+        std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>& part8,
+        std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>& part9);
+
+    void generateHintStream(
+        QPDFWriter::NewObjTable const& new_obj,
+        QPDFWriter::ObjTable const& obj,
+        std::string& hint_stream,
+        int& S,
+        int& O,
+        bool compressed);
+
+    // methods to support linearization checking -- implemented in QPDF_linearization.cc
+
+    void readLinearizationData();
+    void checkLinearizationInternal();
+    void dumpLinearizationDataInternal();
+    void linearizationWarning(std::string_view);
+    qpdf::Dictionary readHintStream(Pipeline&, qpdf_offset_t offset, size_t length);
+    void readHPageOffset(BitStream);
+    void readHSharedObject(BitStream);
+    void readHGeneric(BitStream, HGeneric&);
+    qpdf_offset_t maxEnd(ObjUser const& ou);
+    qpdf_offset_t getLinearizationOffset(QPDFObjGen);
+    QPDFObjectHandle
+    getUncompressedObject(QPDFObjectHandle&, std::map<int, int> const& object_stream_data);
+    QPDFObjectHandle getUncompressedObject(QPDFObjectHandle&, QPDFWriter::ObjTable const& obj);
+    int lengthNextN(int first_object, int n);
+    void
+    checkHPageOffset(std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> const& pages, std::map<int, int>& idx_to_obj);
+    void
+    checkHSharedObject(std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> const& pages, std::map<int, int>& idx_to_obj);
+    void checkHOutlines();
+    void dumpHPageOffset();
+    void dumpHSharedObject();
+    void dumpHGeneric(HGeneric&);
+    qpdf_offset_t adjusted_offset(qpdf_offset_t offset);
+    template <typename T>
+    void calculateLinearizationData(T const& object_stream_data);
+    template <typename T>
+    void pushOutlinesToPart(
+        std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>& part,
+        std::set<QPDFObjGen>& lc_outlines,
+        T const& object_stream_data);
+    int outputLengthNextN(
+        int in_object,
+        int n,
+        QPDFWriter::NewObjTable const& new_obj,
+        QPDFWriter::ObjTable const& obj);
+    void
+    calculateHPageOffset(QPDFWriter::NewObjTable const& new_obj, QPDFWriter::ObjTable const& obj);
+    void
+    calculateHSharedObject(QPDFWriter::NewObjTable const& new_obj, QPDFWriter::ObjTable const& obj);
+    void calculateHOutline(QPDFWriter::NewObjTable const& new_obj, QPDFWriter::ObjTable const& obj);
+    void writeHPageOffset(BitWriter&);
+    void writeHSharedObject(BitWriter&);
+    void writeHGeneric(BitWriter&, HGeneric&);
+
+    // Methods to support optimization
+
+    void updateObjectMaps(
+        ObjUser const& ou,
+        QPDFObjectHandle oh,
+        std::function<int(QPDFObjectHandle&)> skip_stream_parameters);
+    void filterCompressedObjects(std::map<int, int> const& object_stream_data);
+    void filterCompressedObjects(QPDFWriter::ObjTable const& object_stream_data);
+};
+
+class QPDF::Doc::Objects: Common
+{
+  public:
+    class Foreign: Common
+    {
+        class Copier: Common
+        {
+          public:
+            inline Copier(QPDF& qpdf);
+
+            QPDFObjectHandle copied(QPDFObjectHandle const& foreign);
+
+          private:
+            QPDFObjectHandle
+            replace_indirect_object(QPDFObjectHandle const& foreign, bool top = false);
+            void reserve_objects(QPDFObjectHandle const& foreign, bool top = false);
+
+            std::map<QPDFObjGen, QPDFObjectHandle> object_map;
+            std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> to_copy;
+            QPDFObjGen::set visiting;
+        };
+
+      public:
+        Foreign(Common& common) :
+            Common(common)
+        {
+        }
+
+        Foreign() = delete;
+        Foreign(Foreign const&) = delete;
+        Foreign(Foreign&&) = delete;
+        Foreign& operator=(Foreign const&) = delete;
+        Foreign& operator=(Foreign&&) = delete;
+        ~Foreign() = default;
+
+        // Return a local handle to the foreign object. Copy the foreign object if necessary.
+        QPDFObjectHandle
+        copied(QPDFObjectHandle const& foreign)
+        {
+            return copier(foreign).copied(foreign);
+        }
+
+      private:
+        Copier& copier(QPDFObjectHandle const& foreign);
+
+        std::map<unsigned long long, Copier> copiers;
+    }; // class QPDF::Doc::Objects::Foreign
+
+    class Streams: Common
+    {
+        // Copier manages the copying of streams into this PDF. It is used both for copying
+        // local and foreign streams.
+        class Copier;
+
+      public:
+        Streams(Common& common);
+
+        Streams() = delete;
+        Streams(Streams const&) = delete;
+        Streams(Streams&&) = delete;
+        Streams& operator=(Streams const&) = delete;
+        Streams& operator=(Streams&&) = delete;
+        ~Streams() = default;
+
+      public:
+        static bool
+        pipeStreamData(
+            QPDF* qpdf,
+            QPDFObjGen og,
+            qpdf_offset_t offset,
+            size_t length,
+            QPDFObjectHandle dict,
+            bool is_root_metadata,
+            Pipeline* pipeline,
+            bool suppress_warnings,
+            bool will_retry)
+        {
+            return qpdf->pipeStreamData(
+                og,
+                offset,
+                length,
+                dict,
+                is_root_metadata,
+                pipeline,
+                suppress_warnings,
+                will_retry);
+        }
+
+        std::shared_ptr<Copier>&
+        copier()
+        {
+            return copier_;
+        }
+
+        bool immediate_copy_from() const;
+
+      private:
+        std::shared_ptr<Copier> copier_;
+    }; // class QPDF::Doc::Objects::Streams
+
+  public:
+    Objects() = delete;
+    Objects(Objects const&) = delete;
+    Objects(Objects&&) = delete;
+    Objects& operator=(Objects const&) = delete;
+    Objects& operator=(Objects&&) = delete;
+    ~Objects() = default;
+
+    Objects(Doc& doc) :
+        Common(doc.qpdf, doc.m),
+        foreign_(*this),
+        streams_(*this)
+    {
+    }
+
+    Foreign&
+    foreign()
+    {
+        return foreign_;
+    }
+
+    Streams&
+    streams()
+    {
+        return streams_;
+    }
+
+    void parse(char const* password);
+    std::shared_ptr<QPDFObject> const& resolve(QPDFObjGen og);
+    void inParse(bool);
+    QPDFObjGen nextObjGen();
+    QPDFObjectHandle newIndirect(QPDFObjGen, std::shared_ptr<QPDFObject> const&);
+    void updateCache(
+        QPDFObjGen og,
+        std::shared_ptr<QPDFObject> const& object,
+        qpdf_offset_t end_before_space,
+        qpdf_offset_t end_after_space,
+        bool destroy = true);
+    bool resolveXRefTable();
+    QPDFObjectHandle readObjectAtOffset(
+        qpdf_offset_t offset, std::string const& description, bool skip_cache_if_in_xref);
+    QPDFTokenizer::Token readToken(InputSource& input, size_t max_len = 0);
+    QPDFObjectHandle makeIndirectFromQPDFObject(std::shared_ptr<QPDFObject> const& obj);
+    std::shared_ptr<QPDFObject> getObjectForParser(int id, int gen, bool parse_pdf);
+    std::shared_ptr<QPDFObject> getObjectForJSON(int id, int gen);
+    size_t tableSize();
+
+    // For QPDFWriter:
+
+    std::map<QPDFObjGen, QPDFXRefEntry> const& getXRefTableInternal();
+    // Get a list of objects that would be permitted in an object stream.
+    template <typename T>
+    std::vector<T> getCompressibleObjGens();
+    std::vector<QPDFObjGen> getCompressibleObjVector();
+    std::vector<bool> getCompressibleObjSet();
+
+  private:
+    void setTrailer(QPDFObjectHandle obj);
+    void reconstruct_xref(QPDFExc& e, bool found_startxref = true);
+    void read_xref(qpdf_offset_t offset, bool in_stream_recovery = false);
+    bool parse_xrefFirst(std::string const& line, int& obj, int& num, int& bytes);
+    bool read_xrefEntry(qpdf_offset_t& f1, int& f2, char& type);
+    bool read_bad_xrefEntry(qpdf_offset_t& f1, int& f2, char& type);
+    qpdf_offset_t read_xrefTable(qpdf_offset_t offset);
+    qpdf_offset_t read_xrefStream(qpdf_offset_t offset, bool in_stream_recovery = false);
+    qpdf_offset_t processXRefStream(
+        qpdf_offset_t offset, QPDFObjectHandle& xref_stream, bool in_stream_recovery = false);
+    std::pair<int, std::array<int, 3>>
+    processXRefW(QPDFObjectHandle& dict, std::function<QPDFExc(std::string_view)> damaged);
+    int processXRefSize(
+        QPDFObjectHandle& dict, int entry_size, std::function<QPDFExc(std::string_view)> damaged);
+    std::pair<int, std::vector<std::pair<int, int>>> processXRefIndex(
+        QPDFObjectHandle& dict,
+        int max_num_entries,
+        std::function<QPDFExc(std::string_view)> damaged);
+    void insertXrefEntry(int obj, int f0, qpdf_offset_t f1, int f2);
+    void insertFreeXrefEntry(QPDFObjGen);
+    QPDFObjectHandle readTrailer();
+    QPDFObjectHandle readObject(std::string const& description, QPDFObjGen og);
+    void readStream(QPDFObjectHandle& object, QPDFObjGen og, qpdf_offset_t offset);
+    void validateStreamLineEnd(QPDFObjectHandle& object, QPDFObjGen og, qpdf_offset_t offset);
+    QPDFObjectHandle readObjectInStream(qpdf::is::OffsetBuffer& input, int stream_id, int obj_id);
+    size_t recoverStreamLength(
+        std::shared_ptr<InputSource> input, QPDFObjGen og, qpdf_offset_t stream_offset);
+
+    QPDFObjGen read_object_start(qpdf_offset_t offset);
+    void readObjectAtOffset(
+        bool attempt_recovery,
+        qpdf_offset_t offset,
+        std::string const& description,
+        QPDFObjGen exp_og);
+    void resolveObjectsInStream(int obj_stream_number);
+    bool isCached(QPDFObjGen og);
+    bool isUnresolved(QPDFObjGen og);
+    void setLastObjectDescription(std::string const& description, QPDFObjGen og);
+
+    Foreign foreign_;
+    Streams streams_;
+}; // class QPDF::Doc::Objects
+
+// This class is used to represent a PDF Pages tree.
+class QPDF::Doc::Pages: Common
+{
+  public:
+    using iterator = std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>::const_iterator;
+
+    Pages() = delete;
+    Pages(Pages const&) = delete;
+    Pages(Pages&&) = delete;
+    Pages& operator=(Pages const&) = delete;
+    Pages& operator=(Pages&&) = delete;
+    ~Pages() = default;
+
+    Pages(Doc& doc) :
+        Common(doc.qpdf, doc.m)
+    {
+    }
+
+    std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> const&
+    all()
+    {
+        return !all_pages.empty() ? all_pages : cache();
+    }
+
+    bool
+    empty()
+    {
+        return all().empty();
+    }
+
+    size_t
+    size()
+    {
+        return all().size();
+    }
+
+    iterator
+    begin()
+    {
+        return all().cbegin();
+    }
+
+    iterator
+    end()
+    {
+        return all().cend();
+    }
+
+    int find(QPDFObjGen og);
+    void insert(QPDFObjectHandle newpage, int pos);
+    void
+    insert(QPDFObjectHandle const& newpage, size_t pos)
+    {
+        insert(newpage, static_cast<int>(pos));
+    }
+    void erase(QPDFObjectHandle& page);
+    void update_cache();
+    void flatten_annotations(int required_flags, int forbidden_flags);
+
+    bool
+    ever_pushed_inherited_attributes_to_pages() const
+    {
+        return ever_pushed_inherited_attributes_to_pages_;
+    }
+
+    bool
+    ever_called_get_all_pages() const
+    {
+        return ever_called_get_all_pages_;
+    }
+
+    void pushInheritedAttributesToPage(bool allow_changes, bool warn_skipped_keys);
+
+  private:
+    void flattenPagesTree();
+    void insertPageobjToPage(QPDFObjectHandle const& obj, int pos, bool check_duplicate);
+    void pushInheritedAttributesToPageInternal(
+        QPDFObjectHandle,
+        std::map<std::string, std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle>>&,
+        bool allow_changes,
+        bool warn_skipped_keys);
+    std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> const& cache();
+    void getAllPagesInternal(
+        QPDFObjectHandle cur_pages,
+        QPDFObjGen::set& visited,
+        QPDFObjGen::set& seen,
+        bool media_box,
+        bool resources);
+    void flatten_annotations_for_page(
+        QPDFPageObjectHelper& page,
+        QPDFObjectHandle& resources,
+        QPDFAcroFormDocumentHelper& afdh,
+        int required_flags,
+        int forbidden_flags);
+
+    std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> all_pages;
+    std::map<QPDFObjGen, int> pageobj_to_pages_pos;
+
+    bool pushed_inherited_attributes_to_pages{false};
+    bool invalid_page_found{false};
+    bool ever_pushed_inherited_attributes_to_pages_{false};
+    bool ever_called_get_all_pages_{false};
+
+}; // class QPDF::Doc::Pages
+
+class QPDF::Members: Doc
 {
     friend class QPDF;
     friend class ResolveRecorder;
@@ -889,10 +965,10 @@ class QPDF::Members
     ~Members() = default;
 
   private:
-    Doc doc;
-    Doc::Linearization& lin;
-    Doc::Objects& objects;
-    Doc::Pages& pages;
+    Doc::Common c;
+    Doc::Linearization lin;
+    Doc::Objects objects;
+    Doc::Pages pages;
     std::shared_ptr<QPDFLogger> log;
     unsigned long long unique_id{0};
     qpdf::Tokenizer tokenizer;
@@ -915,12 +991,6 @@ class QPDF::Members
     std::map<QPDFObjGen, ObjCache> obj_cache;
     std::set<QPDFObjGen> resolving;
     QPDFObjectHandle trailer;
-    std::vector<QPDFObjectHandle> all_pages;
-    bool invalid_page_found{false};
-    std::map<QPDFObjGen, int> pageobj_to_pages_pos;
-    bool pushed_inherited_attributes_to_pages{false};
-    bool ever_pushed_inherited_attributes_to_pages{false};
-    bool ever_called_get_all_pages{false};
     std::vector<QPDFExc> warnings;
     bool reconstructed_xref{false};
     bool in_read_xref_stream{false};
@@ -978,25 +1048,46 @@ class QPDF::Doc::Resolver
     }
 };
 
+inline QPDF::Doc::Common::Common(QPDF& qpdf, QPDF::Members* m) :
+    qpdf(qpdf),
+    m(m),
+    pages(m->pages)
+{
+}
+
+inline QPDF::Doc::Linearization&
+QPDF::Doc::linearization()
+{
+    return m->lin;
+};
+
+inline QPDF::Doc::Objects&
+QPDF::Doc::objects()
+{
+    return m->objects;
+};
+
+inline QPDF::Doc::Pages&
+QPDF::Doc::pages()
+{
+    return m->pages;
+}
+
 inline bool
 QPDF::Doc::reconstructed_xref() const
 {
-    return m.reconstructed_xref;
+    return m->reconstructed_xref;
 }
 
 inline QPDF::Doc&
 QPDF::doc()
 {
-    return m->doc;
+    return *m;
 }
 
-// Throw a generic exception for unusual error conditions that do not be covered during CI testing.
-inline void
-QPDF::no_ci_stop_if(bool condition, std::string const& message, std::string const& context)
+inline QPDF::Doc::Objects::Foreign::Copier::Copier(QPDF& qpdf) :
+    Common(qpdf, qpdf.doc().m)
 {
-    if (condition) {
-        throw damagedPDF(context, message);
-    }
 }
 
 #endif // QPDF_PRIVATE_HH
diff --git a/qpdf/qpdf.testcov b/qpdf/qpdf.testcov
index d73deef..dfbc25c 100644
--- a/qpdf/qpdf.testcov
+++ b/qpdf/qpdf.testcov
@@ -224,14 +224,8 @@ QPDFAnnotationObjectHelper default matrix 0
 QPDFAnnotationObjectHelper rotate 90 0
 QPDFAnnotationObjectHelper rotate 180 0
 QPDFAnnotationObjectHelper rotate 270 0
-QPDFPageDocumentHelper skip widget need appearances 0
-QPDFPageDocumentHelper merge DR 0
 QPDFPageDocumentHelper non-widget annotation 0
-QPDFPageDocumentHelper remove annots 0
-QPDFPageDocumentHelper replace indirect annots 0
-QPDFPageDocumentHelper replace direct annots 0
 QPDFObjectHandle replace with copy 0
-QPDFPageDocumentHelper indirect as resources 0
 QPDFAnnotationObjectHelper forbidden flags 0
 QPDFAnnotationObjectHelper missing required flags 0
 QPDFFormFieldObjectHelper checkbox kid widget 0
@@ -255,7 +249,6 @@ QPDFJob auto-encode password 0
 QPDFJob bytes fallback warning 0
 QPDFJob invalid utf-8 in auto 0
 QPDFJob input password hex-bytes 0
-QPDFPageDocumentHelper ignore annotation with no appearance 0
 QPDFFormFieldObjectHelper replaced BMC at EOF 0
 QPDFFormFieldObjectHelper fallback Tf 0
 QPDFPageObjectHelper copy shared attribute 1
@@ -383,8 +376,6 @@ qpdf-c warn about oh error 1
 qpdf-c cleanup warned about unhandled error 0
 qpdf-c called qpdf_get_object_by_id 0
 qpdf-c called qpdf_replace_object 0
-qpdf-c called qpdf_num_pages 0
-qpdf-c called qpdf_get_page_n 0
 qpdf-c called qpdf_update_all_pages_cache 0
 qpdf-c called qpdf_find_page_by_id 0
 qpdf-c called qpdf_find_page_by_oh 0
@@ -422,14 +413,9 @@ qpdf-c called qpdf_empty_pdf 0
 QPDF_json missing qpdf 0
 QPDF_json missing pdf version 0
 QPDF_json top-level scalar 0
-QPDF_json bad pdf version 0
 QPDF_json top-level array 0
-QPDF_json bad object key 0
-QPDF_json trailer stream 0
 QPDF_json missing trailer 0
 QPDF_json missing objects 0
-QPDF_json ignoring in st_ignore 0
-QPDF_json stream dict not dict 0
 QPDF_json unrecognized string value 0
 QPDF_json data datafile both or neither 0
 QPDF_json stream no dict 0
@@ -438,25 +424,13 @@ QPDF_json value stream both or neither 0
 QPDFJob need json-stream-prefix for stdout 0
 QPDFJob write json to stdout 0
 QPDFJob write json to file 0
-QPDF_json ignoring unknown top-level key 0
-QPDF_json ignore second-level key 0
-QPDF_json ignore unknown key in object_top 0
-QPDF_json ignore unknown key in trailer 0
-QPDF_json ignore unknown key in stream 0
 QPDF_json data and datafile 0
 QPDF_json no stream data in update mode 0
 QPDF_json updating existing stream 0
-QPDF_json qpdf not array 0
 QPDF_json more than two qpdf elements 0
 QPDF_json missing json version 0
-QPDF_json bad json version 0
-QPDF_json bad calledgetallpages 0
-QPDF_json bad pushedinheritedpageresources 0
 QPDFPageObjectHelper used fallback without copying 0
 QPDF skipping cache for known unchecked object 0
 QPDF recover xref stream 0
 QPDFJob json over/under no file 0
 QPDF_Array copy 1
-QPDF_json stream data not string 0
-QPDF_json stream datafile not string 0
-QPDF_json stream not a dictionary 0