diff --git a/include/qpdf/QPDF.hh b/include/qpdf/QPDF.hh
index 68d8536..43a86b4 100644
--- a/include/qpdf/QPDF.hh
+++ b/include/qpdf/QPDF.hh
@@ -775,8 +775,8 @@ class QPDF
         Pipeline* pipeline,
         bool suppress_warnings,
         bool will_retry);
-    bool pipeForeignStreamData(
-        std::shared_ptr<ForeignStreamData>, Pipeline*, bool suppress_warnings, bool will_retry);
+    bool
+    pipeForeignStreamData(ForeignStreamData&, Pipeline*, bool suppress_warnings, bool will_retry);
     static bool pipeStreamData(
         std::shared_ptr<QPDF::EncryptionParameters> encp,
         std::shared_ptr<InputSource> file,
diff --git a/libqpdf/QPDF.cc b/libqpdf/QPDF.cc
index 7888faf..6fb14c2 100644
--- a/libqpdf/QPDF.cc
+++ b/libqpdf/QPDF.cc
@@ -138,11 +138,11 @@ bool
 QPDF::CopiedStreamDataProvider::provideStreamData(
     QPDFObjGen const& og, Pipeline* pipeline, bool suppress_warnings, bool will_retry)
 {
-    std::shared_ptr<ForeignStreamData> foreign_data = foreign_stream_data[og];
+    auto foreign_data = foreign_stream_data.find(og);
     bool result = false;
-    if (foreign_data.get()) {
+    if (foreign_data != foreign_stream_data.end()) {
         result = destination_qpdf.pipeForeignStreamData(
-            foreign_data, pipeline, suppress_warnings, will_retry);
+            foreign_data->second, pipeline, suppress_warnings, will_retry);
         QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF copy foreign with data", result ? 0 : 1);
     } else {
         auto foreign_stream = foreign_streams[og];
@@ -153,20 +153,6 @@ QPDF::CopiedStreamDataProvider::provideStreamData(
     return result;
 }
 
-void
-QPDF::CopiedStreamDataProvider::registerForeignStream(
-    QPDFObjGen const& local_og, QPDFObjectHandle foreign_stream)
-{
-    this->foreign_streams[local_og] = foreign_stream;
-}
-
-void
-QPDF::CopiedStreamDataProvider::registerForeignStream(
-    QPDFObjGen const& local_og, std::shared_ptr<ForeignStreamData> foreign_stream)
-{
-    this->foreign_stream_data[local_og] = foreign_stream;
-}
-
 QPDF::StringDecrypter::StringDecrypter(QPDF* qpdf, QPDFObjGen og) :
     qpdf(qpdf),
     og(og)
@@ -719,7 +705,7 @@ QPDF::copyStreamData(QPDFObjectHandle result, QPDFObjectHandle foreign_oh)
         result.replaceStreamData(
             m->copied_stream_data_provider, dict["/Filter"], dict["/DecodeParms"]);
     } else {
-        auto foreign_stream_data = std::make_shared<ForeignStreamData>(
+        auto foreign_stream_data = ForeignStreamData(
             foreign_stream_qpdf.m->encp,
             foreign_stream_qpdf.m->file,
             foreign,
@@ -920,23 +906,20 @@ QPDF::pipeStreamData(
 
 bool
 QPDF::pipeForeignStreamData(
-    std::shared_ptr<ForeignStreamData> foreign,
-    Pipeline* pipeline,
-    bool suppress_warnings,
-    bool will_retry)
+    ForeignStreamData& foreign, Pipeline* pipeline, bool suppress_warnings, bool will_retry)
 {
-    if (foreign->encp->encrypted) {
+    if (foreign.encp->encrypted) {
         QTC::TC("qpdf", "QPDF pipe foreign encrypted stream");
     }
     return pipeStreamData(
-        foreign->encp,
-        foreign->file,
+        foreign.encp,
+        foreign.file,
         *this,
-        foreign->foreign_og,
-        foreign->offset,
-        foreign->length,
-        foreign->local_dict,
-        foreign->is_root_metadata,
+        foreign.foreign_og,
+        foreign.offset,
+        foreign.length,
+        foreign.local_dict,
+        foreign.is_root_metadata,
         pipeline,
         suppress_warnings,
         will_retry);
diff --git a/libqpdf/qpdf/QPDF_private.hh b/libqpdf/qpdf/QPDF_private.hh
index 1d8b099..f07a388 100644
--- a/libqpdf/qpdf/QPDF_private.hh
+++ b/libqpdf/qpdf/QPDF_private.hh
@@ -121,20 +121,29 @@ class QPDF::ForeignStreamData
     bool is_root_metadata{false};
 };
 
-class QPDF::CopiedStreamDataProvider: public QPDFObjectHandle::StreamDataProvider
+class QPDF::CopiedStreamDataProvider final: public QPDFObjectHandle::StreamDataProvider
 {
   public:
     CopiedStreamDataProvider(QPDF& destination_qpdf);
-    ~CopiedStreamDataProvider() override = default;
+    ~CopiedStreamDataProvider() final = default;
     bool provideStreamData(
-        QPDFObjGen const& og, Pipeline* pipeline, bool suppress_warnings, bool will_retry) override;
-    void registerForeignStream(QPDFObjGen const& local_og, QPDFObjectHandle foreign_stream);
-    void registerForeignStream(QPDFObjGen const& local_og, std::shared_ptr<ForeignStreamData>);
+        QPDFObjGen const& og, Pipeline* pipeline, bool suppress_warnings, bool will_retry) final;
+    void
+    registerForeignStream(QPDFObjGen const& local_og, QPDFObjectHandle foreign_stream)
+    {
+        foreign_streams.insert_or_assign(local_og, foreign_stream);
+    }
+
+    void
+    registerForeignStream(QPDFObjGen local_og, ForeignStreamData foreign_stream)
+    {
+        foreign_stream_data.insert_or_assign(local_og, foreign_stream);
+    }
 
   private:
     QPDF& destination_qpdf;
     std::map<QPDFObjGen, QPDFObjectHandle> foreign_streams;
-    std::map<QPDFObjGen, std::shared_ptr<ForeignStreamData>> foreign_stream_data;
+    std::map<QPDFObjGen, ForeignStreamData> foreign_stream_data;
 };
 
 class QPDF::StringDecrypter final: public QPDFObjectHandle::StringDecrypter